PLANT AND PESTS

1
PLANT AND PESTS

• PRESENTED
• BY
• UINTAH AG DEPARTMENT
• DAVID WILSON

2
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE

• After completion of this unit, students will be
  able to identify and classify plant pests
  (vertebrates, invertebrates, and weeds). Students
  will also identify symptoms and describe control
  methods. This knowledge will be demonstrated by
  completing the unit test and various assignments
  with a minimum score of 90 accuracy.

3
PEREFORMANCE ENABLER

• 1- Define terms associated with plant pests.
• 2- Name three ways insects cause loses to crops.
• 3- Select beneficial effects of insects.
• 4- Describe ways how to detect or recognize an
  insect.
• 5- Identify the different ways insects develop.
• 6- Name three types of feeding habits for insects
  and examples in each category.
• 7- Define and provide one example for cultural,
  biological, chemical insect control.

4
PERFORMANCE ENABLER CONTINUE

• 8- Identify harmful and beneficial insects in the
  area. Make a chart to assist in damages caused
  and controlling these insects with either
  cultural, biological or chemical insect control.
• 9- Collect and mount 12 or more insects,
  including 6 beneficial insects.
• 10- Name five losses caused by weeds.
• 11- Select ways that weeds spread.

5
PERFORMANCE ENABLER CONTINUED

• 12- Define and provide one example for cultural,
  mechanical, and biological control for weeds.
• 13- Collect, press and identify fifteen weeds
  common in your area.
• 14- Explain the difference of a weed and a
  noxious weeds and give three examples in each
  category.
• 15- Name five ways plant diseases cause losses in
  plants.

6
PERFORMANCE ENABLER CONTINUED

• 16- List the five groups of biological pathogens
  and describe them in detail give examples in each
  area.
• 17- List five methods by which pathogens spread.
• 18- Select four practices used to control plant
  diseases.
• 19- Identify and describe proper procedures for
  integrated pest management systems. (weeds,
  insects, soil and organisms)
• 20- Identify the role of vertebrates as plant
  pests in our environment.

7
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

• ENTOMOLOGY A branch of science that deals with
  the study of insects.
• PLANT DISEASE An abnormal plant condition caused
  by a pathogen, improper environmental condition
  or a nutritional deficiency.
• PLANT PATHOLOGIST A person who studies plant
  diseases and works to diagnose and control them.

8
HARMFUL EFFECTS AND ECONOMIC LOSSES OF INSECTS

• A- Damage and destroy agricultural crops.
• 1- Reduce crop yield
• 2- Reduce quality of the crop.
• 3- Cost of control practices.
• B- Aid in the spread of diseases in man, animals,
  and plants.
• C- Annoy man and animals.
• D- Destroy homes, timber resources, and other
  goods.

9
BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF INSECTS

• 1- POLLINATION ACTIVITIES make possible the
  increase yields of many agricultural crops.
• 2- PROVIDE us with useful PRODUCTS such as silk,
  honey, beeswax, shellac, and permanent inks and
  dyes.
• 3- SERVE as FOOD for fish, birds, and other
  wildlife.

10
BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF INSECTS

• 4- PERFORM valuable services as SCAVENGERS.
• 5- HELP TO CONTROL harmful animals (especially
  other insect pests) and plants.
• 6- Have MEDICINAL VALUE.

11
LIST OF BENEFICIAL AND HARMFUL INSECTS

• Beneficial Insects
• Silkworm moth
• Honey bees
• Scale and gall insects
• Fig wasp
• Wasps
• Beetles
• Lacewings

• Useful Product,Service
• Silk
• Honey,beeswax,pollination
• Pigments and dye
• Pollinate figs
• Parasites, predators
• Predators, natural control of weeds
• Predators

12
Harmful Insects Types of Damage

• Caterpillars
• Beetles
• Grasshoppers
• Twig bores
• Leaf miners

• Chewing on leaves
• Chewing on leaves, boring,feed on fruit
• Chewing on leaves,stem and fruit
• Boring into leaves stem and fruit
• Sucking plant juices

13
Harmful Insects Type of Damage

• Aphids
• Mites
• Leafhoppers
• Termites
• Scale insects
• Fruit flies
• Flies
• House flies
• Mosquitoes
• Fleas

• Transmitting diseases
• Transmitting diseases
• Transmitting diseases
• Feed on structural timber
• Shellac
• Used in scientific study
• Parasites, predators
• Spread disease
• Bite humans,spread disease
• Bite humans and animals

14
INSECTS

• Three distinct partsHead,Thorax,Abdomen
• Three pairs of jointed legs used for
  jumping,running,digging,attacking, swimming
• One pair of antennae (feelers)
• Eyes are usually compound, but can be simple
  (Ocelli)
• Adults insects have two pairs of wings.

15
INSECTS
16
Insects Develop in Different Ways
17
Insect Classification By Feeding Habits

• CHEWING Insects with chewing mouthparts have
  toothed jaws that bite and tear the food.
  Examples grasshopper, armyworm, potato beetle,
  blister beetle
• SUCKING Insects with a piercing-sucking
  mouthparts have tube-like beaks which they force
  into a plant to suck out fluids.Examples aphid,
  leafhopper, thrips, hessian fly,greenbug

18
Insects Classification By Feeding Habits

• INTERNAL Borders and miners-includes most
  chewing insects that enter the plant and feed
  from within.
• Examples European corn borer, cotton boll
  weevil larva, wheat stem sawfly
• SUBTERRANEAN Includes chewing and sucking
  insects which enter the plant below the soil
  surface.
• Examples Corn rootworm, wireworm
  structural , pest-termites

19
CULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL INSECT CONTROL

• Cultural Control Practices for Insects
• a- Crop rotation
• b- Trap crops
• c- Tillage
• d- Residue management
• e- Timing of operation
• f- Resistant varieties

20
CULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL and CHEMICAL INSECT CONTROL
CONT.

• BIOLOGICAL CONTROL PRACTICES FOR INSECTS
• 1- Natural enemies used to control a pest.

21
CULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL and CHEMICAL INSECT CONTROL
CONT..

• CHEMICAL CONTROL PRACTICES FOR INSECTS
• 1- Chemicals may be applied to seeds, growing
  plants or soil.
• 2- Poison the insect.
• 3- Repel the insects from specific areas.
• 4- Attract insects to a place where they
• can be killed.

22

WEEDS

• Reduce Crop Yields
• Increase Cost of Production
• Reduce Quality of Crop and Livestock Products
• Cause Irritation and Hay Fever
• Poisonous To Man,Livestock and Wildlife
• Spoil The Beauty Of The Turf and Landscape Plants
• Compete With Crop Plants

23

Weeds Spread By

• WIND
• FLOWING WATER
• ANIMALS AND MANURE
• IMPURE SEED
• FARM MACHINERY, CARS, PICKUPS, AND TRUCKS
• EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT
• HUMAN MOVEMENT OR TRAFFIC

24
METHODS OF CULTURAL, MECHANICAL AND BIOLOGICAL
WEED CONTROL

• Methods of Cultural Control
• A- Weed-free crop seed
• B- smoother crops.
• C- Crop rotation.

25
METHOD OF CULTURAL, MECHANICAL and BIOLOGICAL
WEED CONTROL cont..

• METHODS OF MECHANICAL CONTROL
• 1- Hoeing
• 2- Hand Pulling
• 3- Mowing
• 4- Cultivation
• 5- Mulching
• 6- Burning

26
METHODS OF CULTURAL, MECHANICAL AND BIOLOGICAL
WEED CONTROL cont..

• METHODS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
• 1- Involves the introduction of a natural enemy
  to weaken or destroy a particular weed species.
• Example Leaf cutting beetles to control
  St. Johnswort and Klamath weed beetle to
  control the Klamath weed.

27
COMMON WEEDS IN UTAH

• Bull Thistle
• Burdock
• Mallow
• Musk Thistle
• Canada Thistle
• Cocklebur
• Curley Dock
• Field Bindweed
• Foxtail Barley
• Hounds Tongue

• Kochia
• Lambs quarter
• Prickly Lettuce
• Quack grass
• Red Root (Rough Pigweed)
• Russian Thistle
• Shepard's Purse
• Teasel
• Water Hemlock
• Yarrow

28
NOXIOUS WEED ACT

• Noxious weeds standing, being, or growing shall
  be controlled and the spread prevented by
  cutting, tillage, cropping, pasturing, chemicals,
  or other effective methods, as often as required
  to prevent the weed from blooming, maturing
  seeds, or spreading by root or other means.

29

BROADLEAF

• Canada Thistle
• Diffuse Knapweed
• Dyers Woad
• Field Bindweed
• Hoary Cress
• Leafy Spurge
• Musk Thistle
• Per.Pepperweed

• Russian Knapweed
• Scotch Thistle
• Squarrose Knapweed
• Yellow Star thistle
• Spotted Knapweed
• Purple Loostrife

30

GRASS

• 1- BURMUDAGRASS
• 2- JOHNSONGRASS
• 3- MEDUSAHEAD
• 4- QUACKGRASS

31
UTAH SEED ACT- NO PERSON IN THIS STATE SHALL
OFFER OR EXPOSE ANY AGRICULTURAL SEED FOR SALE OR
SOWING UNLESS IT IS 1- FREE OF NOXIOUS WEED
SEED, SUBJECT TO ANY TOLERANCE ALLOWED FOR
RESTRICTED NOXIOUS WEEDS, AND 2- TESTED AND
TRUTHFULLY LABELED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THIS ACT.

UTAH SEED ACT
32

In the state of UTAH
Prohibited

• Canada Thistle
• Diffuse Knapweed
• Dyers Woad
• Field Bindweed
• Hoary Cress
• Leafy Spurge
• Musk Thistle
• Per. Pepper weed
• Russian Knapweed

• Scotch Thistle
• Spotted Knapweed
• Squarrose Knapweed
• Yellow Star thistle
• Bermuda grass
• Medusahead
• Perennial Sorghum
• Quack grass

33

RESTRICTED
in the state of UTAH

• DODDER
• HALOGETON
• JOINTED GOATGRASS
• POVERTY WEED
• WILD OATS

34
Invading Weeds- Weeds that are of concern of the
federal, state, and country agencies that might
invade and establish themselves in an area.
Invading weeds might become noxious and damaging
in states and counties.

• Broadleaf
• 1- Black Henbane
• 2- Dalmation Toadflax
• 3- Goats rue
• 4- Poison Hemlock
• 5- Water Hemlock
• 6- Silver leaf Nightshade
• 7- Velvetleaf

• Grasses
• 1- Jointed Goats grass
• 2- Wild Proso Millet
• Sedge
• 1- Yellow Nut sedge

35

Losses Caused by Plant Disease

• Suppress the chlorophyll content
• Reduce the leaf area
• Curb the movement of solutes and water through
  the stems
• Reduce the water-absorbing capacity of the roots
• Suppress the translocation of photosynthesis

36
Losses caused by Plant Diseases cont.

• Promote wasteful use of the products of
  photosynthesis as in the formation of galls
• Reduce the yield and quality of crop
• Spoilage in storage and transportation
• Render food unfit for use
• Increase the cost of control activities

37
Groups of Biological Pathogens
Bacteria Fungi Viruses Nematodes Mycloplasmas
38
Methods How Pathogens Spread
Wind Rain Insects,Mites,Nematodes Machinery Seed
s,Plant Material Birds,Animals,People
39
Control Methods of Plant Diseases
CULTURAL PRACTICES 1- Eradication of alternate
host plants 2- Treatment of soils 3- Rotation of
crops 4- Destruction of plant residue
40
CONTROL THROUGH DISEASE RESISTANCE 1-Use of
resistance varieties 2-Use of disease-free seed
41
CHEMICAL CONTROL 1- Application of fungicides
42

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Integrated pest management uses an array of
cultual, mechanical, biological, and chemical
methods to keep pest damage below economic
levels, while keeping the balance of our
ecosystem in mind.
43
IPM programs are directed at preventing and
suppressing pests.
44
Pest suppression methods are used to
reduce populations in order to limit competition
and damage to the crop. These methods do not
always eliminate the pest, but reduce their
population.
45
CULTURAL PRACTICES
frequent cultivation,fallow, crop rotation,
water management and solarization
46
MECHANICAL PRACTICES
use of barriers (net, Screens) raising and
lowering temperatures in greenhouses, uses of
shredders, rollers, vacuums, and sterilization of
soil
47
BIOLOGICAL PRACTICES
INTODUCTION OF EXOTIC SPECIES, CONSERVATION
OF NATIVE PARASITE AND PREDATORS, AND
AUGUMENTATION OF PARASITES, PREDATORS AND
PATHOGENS
48
CHEMICAL PRACTICES
use of pesticides
49
That's all folks!