There are two major areas of insect immunity: _______ immunity, and ________ immunity'

1
There are two major areas of insect
immunity_______ immunity, and ________ immunity.

• humoral and hemocytic. Humoral immunity is
  non-cellular, based on peptide proteins.
  Hemocytic immunity involves hemocytes, which are
  circulating cells. These components are found in
  the hemolymph.

2
Many insects biosynthesize small, antibacterial
proteins called _________, which lyse bacterial
cell membranes.

• cercropins. These proteins are helical,
  amphipathic molecules that act like detergents.
  Cercropins are effective against many, but not
  all, bacteria.

3
Large, antibacterial proteins called _________
are composed of over 180 amino acids. Unlike
cercropins, they have a much narrower range of
antibacterial activity.

• attacins. These large proteins act on the outer
  bacterial membrane, in conjunction with
  cercropins and lysozymes.

4
_________ hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds of
peptidoglycan, a large molecule that encases
bacterial membranes, causing cell lysis.

• lysozymes.

5
Honey bees produce __________, which are small
bacteriostatic peptides. They also produce
_________, an antibacterial peptide found in
royal jelly.

• apidaecins.
• royalisin.

6
Dipterans produce ________ and __________, two
small antibacterial peptides. Male fruit flies
produce ________, thought to protect seminal
fluid from infection.

• defensin and diptericin.
• andropin.

7
_______ belongs to the immunoglobulin
superfamily it binds to bacterial surfaces as a
first response to infection.

• Hemolin. In general, insects do not
  biosynthesize immunoglobulins, large
  glycoproteins which function as antibodies in
  many vertebrates.

8
Bacteria demonstrate two mechanisms to circumvent
immune responses, _______ __________, a feature
of bacterial membranes, and ______ __________,a
proteolytic breakdown of cercropins and attacins.

• passive resistance
• active resistance

9
An inhibitor of the bacterial proteases which
inactivate immune response is _____-_-____________
_, which forms cages around protease enzymes.

• alpha-2-macroglobulin. These molecules inhibit
  bacterial proteases by screening larger molecules
  out. They then deliver the caged proteases to
  hemocytes where they are broken down.

10
______________ are very active enzymes involved
with melanin synthesis. They are activated in
response to bacterial infections, causing the
deposition of clumps of melanin around bacteria.

• Phenyloxidases. These enzymes are usually found
  in a pro-phenyloxidase form. Conformational
  changes in bacterial walls activate a serine
  protease, which removes a peptide from
  pro-phenyloxidase, yielding active phenyloxidase.

11
The two major types of hemocytes that comprise
most of the cellular immune response are
_____________ and ____________.

• Plasmatocytes. Large cells, capable of
  phagocytosis. Also involved in encapsulation.
  Most common hemocyte.
• Granulocytes. Cells filled with granules. Major
  players in encapsulation reactions.

12
Hemocytes are formed in ____________ ______,
which are variously developed in different insect
groups.

• haemopoietic organs. Insect hemocytesdevelop
  from stem cells in haemopoietic organs before
  discharging into the hemolymph.

13
True of False. Unlike humoral immune responses,
hemocytic responses are rapid.

• True. Hemocytic defense response occur
  immediately after an infection. Plasmatocytes
  and granulocytes are responsible for a number of
  cellular reactions.

14
____________ is the process of cellular
internalization of foreign invaders.

• Phagocytosis. Largely carried out by
  plasmatocytes, this process usually follows low
  doses of invading yeast or bacteria.

15
____________ and ____________ are attracted to
wound sites, where they play major roles in
hemolymph coagulation.

• Granulocytes and oenocytoids. Oenocytoids may
  also be involved with cuticle formation.

16
____________ are aggregates of hemocytes that
entrap invading microbes.

• Nodules. Nodule formation is considered to be of
  greater importance than phagocytosis in clearing
  large doses of bacteria. There appears to be a
  sequence of trapping by granulocytes, followed by
  aggregation by plasmatocytes.

17
Foreign invaders which are too large for
phagocytosis or nodule formation are often
____________.

• encapsulated. Encapsulation is the sequestration
  of large foreign bodies with multilayered
  aggregates of hemocytes. This response often
  involves the release of coagulum, which probably
  aids in the layer formation of cells.