Grammar

1

• Grammar
• Complements, Phrases, Clauses
• SED 340

2
Complements

• A complement is a word or group of words that
  completes the meaning begun by the subject and
  verb.
• Four kinds direct objects, indirect objects,
  predicate nominatives, and predicate adjectives
• Two are affected by the action of the verb
• Predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives
  are both called subject complements.

3
Direct Objects

• The direct object receives the action expressed
  by the verb or names the result of the action.
• Examples
• 1. She drank the soda.
• 2. I signed the check.

4
Indirect Objects

• Indirect objects precede the direct object and
  tell to whom or what or for whom or what the
  action of the verb is done.
• Examples
• My mom gave me a present.
• Bob sent us the memo on Thursday.

5
Subject Complements

• A subject complement is a word which follows a
  linking verb and refers to (explains or
  describes) the subject.
• Two kinds predicate nominatives and predicate
  adjectives

6
Predicate Nominatives

• Predicate nominatives are nouns or pronouns.
• Examples
• 1. She is a secretary.
• 2. It was him.

7
Predicate Adjectives

• Predicate adjectives are adjectives which modify
  the subject.
• Examples
• She is pretty.
• My dog is lazy.

8
Complements
9
Phrases

• A phrase is a group of related words that is used
  as a single part of speech and does not contain a
  verb and its subject.
• Five kinds prepositional, adjective, adverb,
  verbal, and appositive

10
Prepositional Phrases

• A prepositional phrase is a group of words that
  begin with a preposition and usually ends with a
  noun or pronoun.
• Examples
• 1. Please put the paper in the basket.
• 2. I found ten apples under the tree.

11
Adjective Phrases

• An adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase
  that modifies a noun or a pronoun.
• Examples
• That girl in the car is my sister.
• The disk on the table is his.

12
Adverb Phrases

• An adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that
  modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
• Examples
• 1. The pine tree was planted in the back yard.
• 2. I ran from the dog.

13
Verbals and Verbal Phrases

• A verbal is a word that is formed from a verb but
  it is used in a sentence as a noun, an adjective,
  or an adverb.
• A verbal phrase is a group of related words that
  contains a verbal.
• Three kinds participles, gerunds and infinitives

14
Participles and Participial Phrases

• A participle is a verb form that can be used as
  an adjective.
• A participial phrase is a group of related words
  that contains a participle and that acts as an
  adjective.
• Examples
• 1. Running through the forest, the girl enjoyed
  the crisp air.
• 2. Swimming to the surface, the fish swallowed
  the worm.

15
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases

• A gerund is a verb form ending in ing that is
  used as a noun.
• A gerund phrase is a group of related words that
  includes the gerund.
• Examples
• 1. Swimming is my favorite thing to do in the
  summer.
• 2. Washing the dishes is my daily chore.

16
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases

• An infinitive is a verb form that can be used as
  a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.
• An infinitive has the word to directly before the
  base form of the verb.
• An infinitive phrase is a group of related words
  that includes the infinitive.
• Examples
• 1. I would like to go to Europe.
• 2. He needs to read the whole book by tomorrow.

17
Appositives and Appositive Phrases

• An appositive is a noun or pronoun that explains
  the noun or pronoun it follows.
• An appositive phrase is made up of an appositive
  and its modifiers.
• Most of the time set apart from the rest of the
  sentence with commas, but if the appositive is
  necessary to the meaning of the sentence or is
  closely related to the word it follows, no commas
  are necessary
• Examples
• 1. Susan, the girl in the front row, is reading
  a book.
• 2. The movie Lord of the Rings is his favorite.

18
Phrases
19
Clauses

• A clause is a group of words containing a subject
  and a verb which forms part of a sentence.
• Independent or dependent (subordinate)
• Three kinds adjective, adverb, and noun

20
Independent and Dependent Clauses

• An independent clause expresses a complete
  thought and can stand by itself as a sentence.
• A dependent clause or subordinate clause does not
  express a complete thought and cannot stand alone.

21
Adjective Clauses

• An adjective clause is a subordinate clause used
  as an adjective to modify a noun or a pronoun.
• An adjective clause almost always begins with a
  relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, what,
  and that)
• Examples
• 1. The girl who is sitting in the front row is
  my best friend.
• 2. The car that is bright red is speeding.

22
Adverb Clauses

• An adverb clause is a subordinate clause used as
  an adverb.
• Examples
• 1. When I smiled at him he waved.
• 2. Because she wakes up early, she is always on
  time.

23
Noun Clauses

• A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a
  noun.
• Can be used as a subject, a complement, or an
  object of the preposition
• Examples
• 1. They asked who won.
• 2. My friend asked whoever was able to please
  stand.

24
Clauses
25

• Questions???

26
Grammar Web Sites

• http//englishplus.com/grammar/
• http//www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/
• http//a4esl.org/q/j/
• http//www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/eduweb/grammar

27
Grammar Books

• Prentice Hall Reference Guide to Grammar Usage
  (5th Ed.) By Muriel Harris
• The Writers Pocket Handbook By Alfred Rosa
  and Paul Eschholz
• Guide to Rapid Revision (8th Ed.) By Daniel
  Pearlman and Paula Pearlman
• English Grammar Language as Human Behavior (2nd
  Ed.) By Anita K. Barry

28
More Grammar Books

• Painless Grammar By Rebecca Elliott, Ph.D.
• Nitty-Gritty Grammar More Nitty-Gritty Grammar
  By Edith H. Fine Judith P. Josephson
• Essentials of English Grammar (2nd Ed.) By L.
  Sue Baugh