Macromolecules

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Macromolecules

• Biology

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What does organic mean?

• Organic Molecules contain both carbon and
  hydrogen.
• Inorganic Molecules - the rest.
• Water
• Salt
• Oxygen gas
• Carbon dioxide

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The Role of Carbon in Organisms

• Lets draw carbon

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Carbon

• A carbon atom has four electrons available for
  bonding in its outer energy level. In order to
  become stable, a carbon atom forms four covalent
  bonds that fill its outer energy level.

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Two carbon atoms can form various types of
covalent bonds

• Single
• Double
• Triple

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When carbon atoms bond to each other they can
form

• Straight Chains
• Branched Chains
• Rings (like glucose)

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Polymer

• Polymer - large molecule made of many smaller
  molecules that bond together.

Polymers are made of monomers!
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Types of Polymers

• Polymers
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids

• Their Monomers
• Monosaccharide
• Amino Acids
• Fatty Acids
• Nucleotides

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Carbohydrates

• Composed of Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• Ratio of 121
• Simplest type of carbohydrate is a simple sugar
  called a monosaccharide.

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• Monosaccharide - 1 ring
• Example glucose
• Disaccharide - 2
• (glucose fructose sucrose)
• Sucrose is a disaccharide!
• Polysaccharide - many
• Example starch

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Types of Polysaccharides

• Starch - found in plants. Its their way of
  storing energy.
• Glycogen - found in liver of animals. Temporary
  storage.
• Cellulose - found in the cell wall of plants.
• Carbohydrates are for short term storage of
  energy.

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Lipids

• Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen, with a little
  bit of oxygen.
• Fats, oils, and waxes.
• They are insoluble in water, because they are
  non-polar. (hydrophobic)

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Functions of Lipids

• Long term storage of energy
• Insulation
• Protection of organs
• Steroids - signals in body
• Important in metabolism
• Some hormones

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Proteins

• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
  and sometimes sulfur.
• The basic building blocks of proteins are amino
  acids.

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Amino Acids

• 20 common amino acids that can make thousands of
  proteins.
• Amino acids are held together by Peptide Bonds.
  (Peptide bonds hold the protein chain together!)

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Proteins make up many of the structural
components of organism!

• Components like enzymes!
• Enzymes are proteins that change the rate of a
  chemical reaction.
• Speeds them up!
• Ex. Digesting a food, blood clotting, etc

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Nucleic Acids

• Stores cellular information in the form of a
  code.
• Made of subunits called nuceotides.

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Nucleotides have three parts

• Nitrogenous Base
• A Simple Sugar
• A Phosphate Group

Phosphate group
Sugar
Nitrogenous base
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DNA is a nucleic acid!

• Deoxyribonucleic acid!
• The instructions coded in DNA contains all the
  instructions for making proteins in organisms.
• RNA is also a nucleic acidwell talk about it
  later!

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DNA