The Second World War

1
The Second World War

• Totalitarian Dictators
• Nazi Expansion
• Japanese Aggression
• Allies
• Peace

2
Totalitarian States - total control over a
nation. Dominates every aspect of life.

• HOW
• depended on secret police force, army and thugs
  to enforce policies
• Supported by the masses
• Demanded individuals make sacrifices and
  surrender rights for the good of the state -
  SUPER NATIONALISM
• Used technology and communication to control
  every aspect of life, including education of
  youth.
• Had ONE leader and ONE political party. All
  others were PURGED

3
StalinMan of Steel

• Lenin
• NEP - a taste of capitalism
• Stalin
• Succeeded Lenin by defeating Trotsky Communism
  on one Country
• Five Year Plans in industry and collectivized
  farming
• Purged kulaks, political enemies and army

4
Mussolini and Fascism

• Italy
• A divided nation that felt cheated by Versailles
  Treaty and hated liberals.
• Fascism found support with Middle Class who
  wanted property protected
• Eliminated enemies with Black Shirts
• March on Rome solidified control when VEII
  allowed the march and Italian Parliament resigns.
  
• Mussolini is appointed Chancellor.

IL DUCE
5
Who was Adolf Hitler

• Adolf Hitler was born in April, 1889, in a small
  Austrian town.
• His father was strict and often beat his son but
  died in 1903. His mother was gentle and spoiled
  Adolph. She died of cancer in 1907. He moved to
  Vienna where he observed Luegers anti-Semitism
  and use of propaganda.
• In 1909 Hitler should have registered for the
  military. He would not serve Austria, which he
  despised, so he ignored his draft notice. The
  authorities found him in 1914 however he failed
  his medical exam as he was unfit for combatant
  duty - too weak. Unable to bear arms.
• The outbreak of WWI gave him a fresh start. He
  felt that Germany was superior to other European
  countries, so he volunteered for the German Army.
• Although he earned medals for bravery, (including
  the Medal of Honor) Hitler never earned a higher
  rank than corporal. This was due to his eccentric
  behavior and the fear that other soldiers might
  not obey the man they considered so strange.
  Hitler would often rage about Jews and Marxists
  being the cause of the war.
• In October 1918, Hitler was blinded in a British
  chlorine gas attack. He was sent to a military
  hospital and gradually recovered his sight. While
  he was in hospital Germany surrendered. Hitler
  went into a state of deep depression, and had
  periods when he could not stop crying.

6
Politician and Thug

• In 1920 Hitler joined the NAZI(National Socialist
  German Workers Party) party which stressed
  nationalism. Hitler was only in favor of equality
  for those who had "German blood". Jews and other
  "aliens" should lose their rights of citizenship.
  To reinforce his ideas, equal rights were only to
  be given to German citizens. He despised the
  Treaty of Versailles, Marxism and Judaism.
• September 1921, Hitler was sent to prison for 3
  months for being a part of a mob who beat up a
  rival politician after the French occupied the
  Ruhr Valley
• When released, Hitler formed a private army
  called Sturm Abteilung, SA or brown shirts, who
  were instructed to disrupt political meetings of
  opponents and protect Hitler. The SA was headed
  by Ernst Rohm
• November 1923, the Bavarian government held a
  meeting for 3,000 officials. During a speech,
  Hitler and armed SA crashed the meeting. Hitler
  jumped onto a table, fired two shots in the air
  and told the audience that the National
  Revolution had begun. (Beer Hall Putsch)
• He was arrested, tried for treason, and given 5
  years in prison.

In prison he wrote Mien Kampf My Struggle.
Hitler outlined his political philosophy arguing
that Germans (he wrongly described as the Aryan
race) were superior to all.
7
Treaty of Versailles

• Top 6 terms that angered Germany
• War Guilt Clause
• Reparations
• Colonies
• Rhineland
• Czechoslovakia
• Polish Corridor

Treaty of Versailles
8
Hitler finds Support

• The Great Depression
• Middle and Lower Classes
• The Hitler Youth
• Hitler oversaw one of the greatest expansions of
  industrial production and civil improvement
  Germany had ever seen, mostly based on the
  expansion of the military. Hitler completed one
  of the largest infrastructure-improvement
  campaigns in German history with the construction
  of dozens of dams, autobahns, railroads, and
  other civil works.
• Hitler became a hero.

9
Road to War
Hitlers Goals Space and Race

• Appointed Chancellor of Germany under
  Hindenburgs orders
• Uses burning of Reichstag and Enabling Act to
  seize power. Communists and Socialists fail to
  unite against him and suffer the consequences
• Ends unions and S.A. in Night of Long Knives.
  Himmler takes control of the SS
• Used German nationalism, Work and Bread to end
  the depression
• Solidifies propaganda - Goebbels

Hitler is ready to reach his goals
10
From 1933 to 1936 the Nazi government, led by
Adolf Hitler, increased the strength of its armed
forces to overturn the Versailles Treaty
recover lost German territory return to the
Fatherland German-speaking minorities within the
borders of surrounding countries to secure
"living space" for the German "master race.
11
Disregards Treaty of Versailles because he knew
the League of Nations would not stop him.
Time Line to War lets review

• 1933
• Walks out of Geneva Conference for arms
  limitations
• Withdraws Germany from the League of Nations as
  it failed to stop the Japanese in Manchuria

12
League Takes No Action

• 1935 - 1936
• Germany rearmed by introducing the draft and
  creating an air force (both against the TOV)
  England, France, and Italy met to contain him.
  Nothing came from this Stresa Front. Instead
  England sought to win Hitlers agreement to limit
  German naval expansion. The Anglo-German Naval
  Treaty limited Germanys navy to 35 of the
  British fleet.
• In October, Mussolini attacked Ethiopia who
  appealed to the League of Nations. The League
  placed embargoes on Italian goods but not on oil.
  This was ineffective but angered the Italians.
  The result was an agreement between Mussolini and
  Hitler, the Rome to Berlin Axis in 1936.
• It also proved what Hitler believed, the League
  would not stop him.
• Hitler orders troops into the Rhineland, a clear
  violation of the TOV and a threat to France

13
Spanish Civil War was a preview

• 1937
• Communists elected to rule when monarchy fails
• Fascists rebel under Franco
• Hitler and Mussolini support the rebels
• Stalin supports the communist government
• American and England stay neutral
• Guernica

14
Munich and The Sudetenland
With political power, military might, support of
his people and practice for his weapons Hitler

• 1938
• Invaded and annexed Austria. Anschluss was
  completed and a violation of the TOV.
• Demanded the Sudetenland and was granted it by
  Neville Chamberlain of Britain at Munich under a
  policy of appeasement. Chamberlain told the
  English he had brought peace with honour.
• Czechoslovakia was doomed.

15
Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
1939

• Stalin was angered that the West did not include
  Russia at Munich
• Hitler promised Russia eastern Poland
• Hitler got Russia to remain neutral and avoided a
  2 front battle
• Now he could begin WAR

16
War BeginsSeptember 1, 1939

• Invasion of Poland
• Hitler demanded Danzig, access to eastern Prussia
  through Polish Corridor, and better treatment of
  German minorities
• Using blitzkrieg, Hitler invaded, England and
  France declared war. Appeasement was over.
  Poland fell in 3 weeks
• Denmark, Norway,Holland Fell
• Designed to protect safe passage of iron ore from
  Russia
• Netherlands and Belgium Surrender
• Dunkirk - famous rescue of English

17
Marginot Line Proves Ineffective

• France fell to the Nazis on June 14th, 1940
• Vichy Government in the south, under Petain,
  signed armistice and collaborated with Germans
• Free France and Charles De Gaulle from London,
  vowed to continue war with Hitler

18
Battle of Britain

• Operation Sea Lion
• Britain stood alone against Hitler
• Involved the RAF and the Luftwaffe
• Hitler failed to destroy RAF because he changed
  tactics to bomb British cities
• Only strengthened British morale

Hitler knows that he will have to break us in
this Island or lose the war. If we can stand up
to him, all Europe may be free and the life of
the world may move forward into broad, sunlit
uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world,
including the United States, including all that
we have known and cared for, will sink into the
abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and
perhaps more protracted, by the lights of
perverted science. Let us therefore brace
ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves
that if the British Empire and its Commonwealth
last for a thousand years, men will still say,
'This was their finest hour.' Winston Churchill
- June 18, 1940
19
War with Japan
Manchurian Incident - 1931
Manchuria became a puppet state of Japan It
became the base for more Japanese aggression
Rape of Nanking Over 100,000 civilians were raped
or murdered The US declared Neutrality but Russia
and England sent supplies to help the
Chinese Jiang Jiehsa and Mao, long time enemies
joined together to fight the invaders
Great East Asia Co Prosperity Sphere became
Japans Lebenstraum
20
US Chose Neutrality

• Neutrality Acts 1935 - 1937
• US could not provide weapons to warring nations
• US could not provide loans to warring nations
• US was permitted to trade with warring nations
  but only with non-military goods and the warring
  nations had to pay cash and carry the goods on
  their own ships
• CASH AND CARRY

• By 1939 Opinion changed after Poland
• France and England got weapons
• American merchant ships could transport goods
• After France fell in 1940
• US sent 50 old destroyers to England and built
  bases on British territory
• American First Committee formed to stop further
  aid
• Lend Lease Act - President could aid any nation
  whose defense was vital to US security. Were
  coming Britain.

21
Pearl Harbor A day that will live in Infamy.
Franklin D. Roosevelt transferred the United
States Fleet to Pearl Harbor as a deterrent to
Japanese aggression. The Japanese Navy secretly
sent a carrier force across the Pacific with
greater aerial striking power than had ever been
seen. Its planes hit just before 8AM on 7
December. Within a short time five of eight
battleships were sunk or sinking, with the rest
damaged. Several other ships and most
Hawaii-based combat planes were also knocked out
and over 2400 Americans were dead. Soon after,
Japanese planes eliminated much of the American
air force in the Philippines.
22
Mobilizing for War

• Armed Forces
• Selective Service Act
• GI
• Diversity
• Women

• Daily Life
• Office of Price Administration
• Rationing
• Victory Gardens

• Economy
• War Production Board
• Office of War Mobilization
• Ford
• Kaiser
• Workforce
• Financing

23
War in North Africa

• Tank Warfare
• The players Rommel, Montgomery and Patton
• Egypt - Rommel rescues Italian forces, drives
  back British
• El Alamein - Rommel endangered Suez, defeated by
  Montgomery
• Morocco and Algeria - Operation Torch. Germans
  caught between American forces under Patton and
  British

24
Liberation of Italy

• Control of North Atlantic allowed the Invasion of
  Italy
• July 1943
• English American forces invade Sicily
• Mussolini overthrown and Italy declares war on
  Germany
• Germans and occupy Northern Italy
• Anzio
• Americans landed behind German lines here, 35
  miles from Rome and were trapped. Attacked by
  Germans, it took four months to break through at
  a cost of tens of thousands of soldiers

25
Mussolinis Diversion proves costly
Italy invades Greece - has to be rescued by Hitler

• Greece and Yugoslavia fall to Hitler
• Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria become allied with
  Hitler
• But Most Importantly
• Hitlers plans to invade Russia are delayed
  and prove costly

26
Operation Barbarossa

• June 22, 1941
• Hitler invaded Russia on three fronts
  Leningrad in the north, Moscow in the center, and
  Ukraine in the south
• Stalin was caught off guard. Some Russians who
  suffered under Stalin welcomed the Germans as
  liberators
• Stalin launched his own propaganda war and
  ordered destruction of anything that could help
  the enemy
• Convinced the Allies to attack Italy the soft
  underbelly of the Axis powers to take pressure
  off USSR
• Battle of Stalingrad
• Russians make a stand in fierce house to house
  combat. Soviets take advantage of cold winters
  and attack Germans who are ordered to Not
  Retreat. Germans lost 330,000 troops, Soviets
  1,100,000

27
Allies Invade Europe
June 6, 1944 Operation Overlord Americans landed
at Omaha and Utah Beach British met least
resistance at Gold, Juno ad Sword Opened up a 2
front war against Germany and turned the tide of
the war in Europe
28
Battle of the Bulge

• Germans attack American forces in Ardennes Forest
  using 15 year olds
• US First Army pushed back creating a bulge in
  Allied lines
• Pattons third Army joined the battle and knocked
  the Germans back
• Largest battle in W. Europe and largest ever
  fought by US Army.
• Allies lost 80,000
• Nazis knew it was over now

29
The Grand Alliance a.k.a.The
Big Three Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin

• Strategies
• Hitler first
• Military needs above political agendas
• Unconditional Surrender

30
May 8th 1945 - Victory in Europe

• Germany surrendered
• Eva Braun and Hitler took their own lives. Their
  bodies were doused with gasoline and burned
  rather than taken by Stalin.

General Alfred Jodl, Chief of the Operations
Staff in the German High Command, signs the
document of unconditional German surrender at
General Eisenhower's Headquarters in Reims,
France, May 7, 1945.
31
Hitlers New Order

• Nordics
• Seen as acceptable, many were brought to Germany
  as wives
• Slavs
• Inferior race, their land would become living
  space for the Aryan race and the center of
  Hitlers plans to annihilate the Jews
• Lidice
• punished for harboring murdered of Heydrich

32
The Jewish Problem

• Nuremberg Laws
• Protection of German Blood and Honour prohibited
  extra-marital intercourse between the two
• Defined a Jew
• 3 - 4 Jewish grandparents Jew
• 2-1 Jewish grandparents mixed blood
• Excluded Jews from German citizenship
• Laws passed in Reichstag by Enabling Act
• Remember his goals
• Space now Race

33
Kristallnacht
Warsaw Ghetto
34
Einstazgruppenelite SS mobile death
unitfollowed the German army into the Soviet
Union, murdering Jews
35
The Final Solution- Wannsee Conference
Himmler
36
Death Camps
37
Zyklon B in Gas Chambers
38
Crematoriums
39
Liberation
40
Nuremberg Trials
41
Bataan Death March

• Battle of Bataan
• America lost control of the Philippines
• 72,000 surrendered in poor condition-had to be
  moved from Bataan to Camp ODonnell
• Of 90 miles, some forced to walk 57
• Only 54,000 survived
• American survivors sent to prison camps in Japan,
  Korea, and Manchuria
• Mac Arthur
• I shall return

42
War in the Pacific

• Battle of Coral Sea
• May 4, 1942, Japanese convoy was detected at New
  Guinea near Australia. If it fell, the Allies
  would be demoralized. US broke naval code and
  knew plan of attack. Only battle in naval
  history fought entirely by planes from an
  aircraft carrier
• Battle of Midway
• June 1942 turning point in Pacific War.
  Japan hoped to take Midway as a base to attack
  Hawaii. US code breakers discovered the plan.
  On June 4th, US sank 4 Japanese carriers. First
  Japanese defeat
• Guadalcanal
• Jungle warfare

43
Now Japan

• Iwo Jima
• Operation Detachment
• Threatened US bombing raids on Japan, warned
  Japan about raids, could be used as a base to
  invade Japan
• Japanese dug into tunnels and told to kill 10
  Americans each
• On Feb 23, Marines reached top of Mount Suribachi
  and planted this flag
• US lost 7,000 men. This convinced Truman that an
  invasion of Japan would be too costly
• Okinawa - Kamikazes

44
The Power of the Atomic BombThe Manhattan Project
Now I am become Death, the destroyer of
worldsOppenheimer

• Why did we use it?
• Invasion of Japan would be too costly
• Would deter the Soviets with a show of power
• On August 6th the Enola Gay dropped the bomb
  (Little Boy) on Hiroshima
• On August 9th, a second bomb (Fat Man) was
  dropped on Nagasaki
• August 14th Japan surrenders