Macroevolution

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Macroevolution
Speciation, Extinction, Adaptive radiations, Key
innovations
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Why are some clades more diverse?
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Why are some clades more diverse?

• Rate of speciation
• Rate of species extinction
• What affects these processes?

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Hodges and Arnold 1995

• Spurring plant diversification are floral
  nectar spurs a key innovation?
• Evidence for nectar spurs as key innovations
• Correlation with diversification rate in multiple
  clades
• Rapid evolution of diverse morphologies

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Hodges and Arnold 1995

• Evidence for nectar spurs as key innovations
• Correlation with diversification rate in multiple
  clades
• Rapid evolution of diverse morphologies
• Affect type of pollinator, influence reproductive
  isolation

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Angraecum sesquipedale
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Angraecum sesquipedale
Xanthopan morganii
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Hodges and Arnold 1995

• Evidence for nectar spurs as key innovations
• Correlation with diversification rate in multiple
  clades
• Affect type of pollinator, influence reproductive
  isolation
• ML model indicates trait is associated with
  diversification rate

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Hodges Arnold 1995
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Hodges and Arnold 1995

• Evidence for nectar spurs as key innovations
• Correlation with diversification rate in multiple
  clades
• Affect type of pollinator, influence reproductive
  isolation
• ML model indicates trait is associated with
  diversification rate
• Criticisms
• Correlation vs. causation
• Change in speciation or extinction rate?

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Macroevolutionary trends in flowering plants
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