The Gender Gap in Turkey

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The Gender Gap in Turkey Meltem Kurtsan OECD
Istanbul World Forum - Measuring and Fostering
the Progress of Societies 28th June 2007
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LABOUR MARKET
Prof Dr Gülay Toksöz, Ankara University, Faculty
of Political Sciences (2007)
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LABOUR MARKET
Prof Dr Gülay Toksöz, Ankara University, Faculty
of Policital Sciences (2007)
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LABOUR MARKET
Prof Dr Gülay Toksöz, Ankara Univeristy, Faculty
of Political Sciences (2007)
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EMPLOYMENT RATE BY EDUCATION LEVEL

• 
  

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WOMEN IN LABOUR MARKET
Turkey Labor Market Study, WB November 21, 2005

• European Council in March 2000, Lizbon
• Female employment rate target for 2010 60
• Recent figures on female employment
• EU members (all) 54.9
• EU members the first 15 57.1

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WOMEN EMPLOYMENT RATE WORLDWIDE

• Iceland 79,4
• USA 65,4
• Australia 62,6
• Japan 57,4
• South Korea 52,2
• Mexico 41,3
• Turkey 25,4
• OECD Report(2005)

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WOMEN IN LABOUR MARKET

• Women mostly work in subordinate positions with
  low salaries or even in periodical jobs without
  any access to the social security systems.
• There is an increase in unregistered and
  unofficial jobs.
• Discrimination on salary basis !
• Women earn 40 less than men !

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DEVELOPMENT INDEX AND GENDER ISSUES

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• In HDI Index, Turkey is the 92th among 177
  countries
• Basic Criteria Average life, literacy
  rates, education and access to improved water
  resources

2006 UNDP Report
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DEVELOPMENT INDEX AND GENDER ISSUES

• Turkey is 90th as per GDP capita
• HDI level corresponds to
• Sri Lanka with almost half GDP per Capita

2006 UNDP Turkey Report
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DEVELOPMENT INDEX AND GENDER ISSUES

• As per GDI Gender Development Index in ratio
  to the HDI Index
• Turkey recedes to 103th
• In summary The gender discrimination retrogades
  any country.

2006 UNDP Report
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DEVELOPMENT INDEX AND GENDER ISSUES

• Regarding GEM Index for Womens Involvement in
  economical and political affairs in the country
• Turkey is 72nd among 75
• GEM Criteria are number of women
  ministers, parliment members, high rank
  government officers, academicians and the ration
  of the women entrepreneurs
• 
  
  
• Amont 16 State Universities
• 
  male administrators 78,1
• 
  male rectors 93,8

2006 UNDP Report Egitim Sen Report 2006
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WOMAN ENTREPRENEURSHIP

• The percentage of women entrepreneurs in Turkey
  is 12,5 , for OECD members the average is 25,0
• Only 0,9 of women are employers in overall
  economy
• Obstacles for Women Entrepreneurship
• Patriarchal society and traditional female-male
  roles
• No access to equal education oppurtunities
• Lack of experience in Labour Force
• Very few role models for woman entrepreneurship
• Insufficient Capital
• (womens share in real
  estates is 9 )

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SOME DIFFICULTIES

• Lack of education and skills
• Lack of experience and low capacity compared to
  OECD and EU countries
• Difficulties in getting credit
• Unstable markets, politics and finance sector
• Limited access to technology and qualified
  workers
• Traditional gender roles
• Limited child care opportunities
• Complexities in Tax Procedures
• Insufficient official incentives
• Very few success stories
• Limited networking, trade commissions and
  committies