AUTOTROPHS Organisms that make their own food'

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Cellular Processes

• AUTOTROPHS- Organisms that make their own food.
• HETEROTROPH- obtain energy from the food they
  consume.
• Complementary processes

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• ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)- energy compound for
  living things.
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS- plants use the energy of sunlight
  to convert water and CO2 into oxygen and
  carbohydrates (sugars and starches).

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• Overall equation for photosynthesis
• 6CO2 6H2O ? C6H12O6 6O2
• What does the arrow symbolize in this equation?

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• CHLOROPHYLL- Plants principle pigment.
• Two main types of chlorophyll chlorophyll a and
  chlorophyll b.
• Chlorophyll a- directly involved in the light
  reactions of photosynthesis.
• Chlorophyll b (accessory pigment)- assists
  chlorophyll a in capturing light energy

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• Thylakoids- arranged in stacks called GRANA.
  STROMA- space surrounding thylakoids.
• Photosynthesis consists of two main process
  light-dependent (occurs in the thylakoids) and
  light-independent/Calvin Cycle (occurs in the
  stroma.)

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• Light-dependent reactions- produce oxygen gas
  convert ADP and NADP into the energy carriers ATP
  and NADPH. Two PHOTOSYSTEMS are used
  PHOTOSYSTEM I and PHOTOSYSTEM II, and an ELECTRON
  TRANSPORT CHAIN.

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• The light-dependent part of photosynthesis has
  three main steps
• 1. Light energy (sun) forces electrons to enter
  a higher energy level (get excited) in
  chlorophyll a of Photosystem II.
• 2. The excited electrons move through the ETC
  (electron transport chain) from Photosystem II to
  Photosystem I. During this process, H ions are
  transported from the stroma into the inner
  thylakoid and ATP IS PRODUCED.

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• 3. Pigments in Photosystem I use energy from the
  sun to add energy to the electrons. The
  high-energy electrons are then picked up by NADP
  to form NADPH.

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• Look at page 116.
• Product of the light-dependent portion of
  photosynthesis is ATP and NADPH.

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• CALVIN CYCLE- uses ATP and NADPH from the
  light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy
  sugars.

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• Because the Calvin Cycle does not require light,
  these reactions are called light-independent
  take place in the STROMA.

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• The Calvin Cycle uses six molecules of CO2 to
  produce a single 6-carbon sugar molecule.

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• The main products of the Calvin Cycle are
  high-energy sugars.

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• Photosynthesis Animation

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• Photosynthesis

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• How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis
  almost opposite processes?
• a. Photosynthesis releases energy and cellular
  respiration stores energy.
• b. Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the
  atmosphere and cellular respiration puts it back.
• c. Photosynthesis removes oxygen from the
  atmosphere and cellular respiration puts it back.
  
• d. All of the above

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• Lets sing!!

Photosynthesis Song
Music
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• CELLULAR RESPIRATION- releases energy by
  breaking down food molecules in the presence of
  oxygen.
• 6O2 C6H12O6 ? 6CO2 6H2O Energy
• GLYCOLYSIS- first step of cellular respiration
  one molecule of glucose is broken in half,
  producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a
  3-carbon compound.

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• In the beginning of glycolysis, 2 molecules of
  ATP are used up. When glycolysis is complete, 4
  ATP molecules have been produced. What is the
  net gain of glycolysis?

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• Glycolysis is followed by one of three different
  process ALCOHOL FERMENTATION, LACTIC ACID
  FERMENTATION, or the KREBS CYCLE. What
  determines which pathway follows glycolysis?
• What are the products of glycolysis?
• When oxygen is not present, glycolysis is
  followed by FERMENTATION releases energy from
  food molecules in the absence of oxygen.

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• Fermentation is ANAEROBIC- no oxygen. The two
  main types of fermentation alcoholic
  fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
• Yeasts use alcoholic fermentation, forming ethyl
  alcohol and CO2 as wastes. The equation for
  alcoholic fermentation after glycolysis is
• Pyruvic acid NADH ? alcohol CO2 NAD

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• Alcoholic fermentation causes bread dough to rise
  and is the basis of the wine and beer industry.

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• In lactic acid fermentation, an enzyme converts
  pyruvic acid into another three-carbon compound,
  called LACTIC ACID.

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• Lactic acid- produced in your muscles during
  rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough
  oxygen to the tissues.
• Fate of pyruvate
• If oxygen is available, pyruvic acid enters the
  pathways of cellular respiration. AEROBIC
  respiration produces nearly 20 times as much ATP
  as is produced by glycolysis alone.
• Glucose ditty

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• You have just started a new workout routine. You
  wake up the next morning and your muscles are
  very sore. This muscle soreness is a result of
• a. alcohol being present in the tissue.
• b. aerobic respiration.
• c. lactic acid being present in the tissue.
• d. the Krebs (TCA) cycle.

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• Ok, now well.
• Finish the notes
• Watch a few animations to review cellular
  respiration
• Sing a couple of songs (if youre into it)

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• Cellular (aerobic) respiration has two major
  stages the KREBS CYCLE and the ELECTRON
  TRANSPORT CHAIN.
• In which organelle do you think cellular
  respiration takes place?
• The pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis enters
  the MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX, the space inside the
  cristae of a mitochondrion.

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• In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid produced
  in glycolysis passes to the second stage of
  cellular respiration, the KREBS CYCLE. During
  the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into
  carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting
  reactions.
• Cellular Respiration Animation

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• The KREBS CYCLE can be summarized in two steps
• Pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters the
  mitochondria. CO2 is released and a 6-carbon
  molecule called citric acid is produced.
• As the cycle continues, citric acid is broken
  down into a 4-carbon molecule, more CO2 is
  released, and electrons are transferred to energy
  carriers, then to the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN.
• The electron transport chain uses the high-energy
  electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP
  into ATP.
• Kreb Cycle animation
• Electron Transport Chain Song

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• Predict what will happen if all the ATP
  production in living things stopped.
• a. Organisms would get severe muscle cramps.
• b. Organisms would get fat.
• c. Organisms would die.
• d. Organisms would become sterile.

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Look at pages 132-138!

• Overview of Cell. Respiration
• Post quiz

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• Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and
  carbon dioxide into
• a. oxygen.
• b. high-energy sugars.
• c. ATP and oxygen.
• d. oxygen and high-energy sugars.

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• Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking
  down
• a. food molecules.
• b. ATP.
• c. carbon dioxide .
• d. water.

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• Cellular Respiration animation

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• Now, lets sing!!

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• I wont be here on Monday. (Isabelle has her
  first kindergarten field trip.)

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• Be ready for your Open Notes Quiz on Monday! To
  help you do that (n since I couldnt talk to you
  to help you get it yesterday and today), Im
  gonna post this Powerpoint presentation on my
  website.
• Take a look at it over the weekend (or anytime
  before your exam in two weeks) to help understand
  Cellular Respiration Photosythesis.)

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• Quietly on notebook paper
• Page 124 s 1, 4
• Page 127 s 1-6
• Page 136 s 1, 3
• Page 144 s 1, 5, 6
• Page 147 s 1-8