Grammar Review

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Grammar Review
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Subject and Predicate
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Subjects

• The subject of a sentence is the person, place,
  thing, or idea that is doing or being something.
• You can find the subject of a sentence if you can
  find the verb
• A simple subject is the subject of a sentence
  stripped of modifiers.
• the part of a sentence which contains the verb
  and gives information about the subject

• The really important issue of the conference,
  stripped of all other considerations, is the
  morality of the nation.
• The Johnsons added a double garage to their
  house.
• You Step lively there or I'll leave you behind!
  

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Verbs
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Verbs

• Verbs carry the idea of being or action in the
  sentence
• some verbs require an object to complete their
  meaning "She gave _____ ?" Gave what? She gave
  money to the church
• transitive- require an object
• Verbs that are intransitive do not require
  objects "The building collapsed

• A linking verb connects a subject and its
  complement
• Those people are all professors.
• Those professors are brilliant.
• This room smells bad.

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Adverbs And Adjectives
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Adverbs

• Adverbs can modify adjectives, but an adjective
  cannot modify an adverb
• "the students showed a wonderfully casual
  attitude"
• "my professor is really tall, but not "He ran
  real fast."

• Adverbs are words that modify
• a verb (He drove slowly. How did he drive?)
• an adjective (He drove a very fast car. How
  fast was his car?)
• another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the
  aisle. How slowly did she move?)
• Comes with an action verb

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Adjectives

• adjectives are words that describe or modify
  another person or thing in the sentence
• Usually comes with a linking verb

• the unhappiest, richest man
• the tall professor
• a solid commitment
• My sister, who is much older than I am, is an
  engineer

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Phrases of all Kinds
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Phrases

• A phrase is a group of related words that does
  not include a subject and verb

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Prepositional Phrases

• A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition,
  a noun or pronoun that serves as the object of
  the preposition, and, more often than not, an
  adjective or two that modifies the object

• She ran down the dark alley and into the scary
  man.
• Because of our bad attitudes, we all got coal for
  Christmas.

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Appositives

• An appositive is a re-naming or amplification of
  a word that immediately precedes it.

• My favorite teacher, a fine chess player in her
  own right, has won several state-level
  tournaments
• The best exercise, walking briskly, is also the
  least expensive
• Tashonda's goal in life, to become an
  occupational therapist, is within her grasp this
  year, at last.

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Infinitive Phrases

• An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive
  the root of the verb preceded by to and any
  modifiers or complements associated with it
• Infinitive phrases can act as adjectives,
  adverbs, and nouns

• Her plan to subsidize child care won wide
  acceptance among urban politicians.
• She wanted to raise taxes
• To watch Uncle Billy tell this story is an
  eye-opening experience
• Juan went to college to study veterinary
  medicine.

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Participial Phrases

• Present participles, verbals ending in -ing, and
  past participles, verbals that end in -ed (for
  regular verbs) or other forms (for irregular
  verbs)
• Present participles, verbals ending in -ing, and
  past participles, verbals that end in -ed (for
  regular verbs) or other forms (for irregular
  verbs),
• Participial phrases always act as adjectives

• The stone steps, having been worn down by
  generations of students, needed to be replaced.
• modifies "steps"
• Working around the clock, the firefighters
  finally put out the last of the California brush
  fires.
• modifies "firefighters"
• The pond, frozen over since early December, is
  now safe for ice-skating.
• modifies "pond"

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Gerund Phrases

• Gerunds, verbals that end in -ing and that act as
  nouns, frequently are associated with modifiers
  and complements in a gerund phrase

• Cramming for tests is not a good study strategy
• John enjoyed swimming in the lake after dark
• I'm really not interested in studying
  biochemistry for the rest of my life.

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Clauses
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Clauses

• A clause is a group of related words containing a
  subject and a verb

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Relative Clauses

• Relative clauses are dependent clauses introduced
  by a Relative Pronoun (that, which, whichever,
  who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, and of
  which)

• Jim said that the pig wart, which had been
  bothering him for years, had to be removed.
• Charlie didn't get the job in administration, and
  he didn't even apply for the Dean's position,
  which really surprised his friends.

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Independent Clauses

• Independent Clauses could stand by themselves as
  discrete sentences

• Bob didn't mean to do it, but he did it anyway.
• Cara thought about joining the church choir, but
  she never talked to her friends about it.

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Dependent Clauses

• Adverb clauses provide information about what is
  going on in the main (independent) clause where,
  when, or why. "When the movie is over, we'll go
  downtown." or "John wanted to write a book
  because he had so much to say about the subject."
  
• Adjective clauses work like multi-word
  adjectives. "My brother, who is an engineer,
  figured it out for me." or "The bridge that
  collapsed in the winter storm will cost millions
  to replace." A special kind of adjective clause
  begins with a relative adverb (where, when, and
  why) but nonetheless functions as adjectivally.
• Noun clauses can do anything that nouns can do.
  "What he knows subject is no concern of mine."
  or "Do you know what he knows object?" or "What
  can you tell me about what he has done this year
  object of the preposition "about"?"

• Dependent Clauses cannot stand by themselves and
  make good sense
• combined with an independent clause so that they
  become part of a sentence that can stand by
  itself

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Dangling Modifiers
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Dangling ModifiersExample
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How To Avoid Dangling Modifiers

• Adding a word or words that the dangling word,
  phrase, or clause can sensibly refer to
• Adding a word or words tot the dangling word,
  phrase, or clause
• Rewording the sentence

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This Concludes Our Presentation