Computer Divison

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• Progress Report
• Post Tsunami Environment Impact Assessment
  Project
• 03-06 Nov. 2008, Xiamen China
• COUNTRY REPORT
• ( PAKISTAN )
• by
• Dr. Riffat Mahmood Qureshi
• (National Project Coordinator)
• riffat_at_pinstech.org.pk

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• PRESENTATION SCENARIO
• Project Organization
• Objectives
• Highlights of Tsunamigenic Source for Pakistan
  Coast
• (Vulnerability of Pakistan Coast to Tsunami
  Events)
• Field and Laboratory Investigations
• - Trace Metal Analysis (surficial sediments)
• - Natural Radionuclides (water sediments)
• - Pb-210 Dating (Inter-tidal Sediment Cores)
• - Isotopic Evidence of the Origin of Groundwater
  and Salinity in Coastal Aquifer of Karachi
• Some Conclusions
• Future Plan for the Extension Phase

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Progress on RCA - UNDP POST TSUNAMI
PROJECT (Period 2006 - 2008)
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National Project Team

• National Nuclear Institute (PINSTECH)/PAEC
• Dr. Riffat M.Qureshi, PINSTECH (NPC)
• Azhar MashiatUllah, PINSTECH
• Dr. Khalid Khan, PINSTECH
• Mr. Tariq Javed, PINSTECH
• Mr. Hamid Mahmood, DGRE/PAEC
• End-User Departments
• Ms. Furqana Chaughtai, CEMB Karachi
• Representatives of National Marine Environment
  Policy Making Authorities

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• National Policy Making Authorities for Marine
  Environment Concerns

• CEMB Center of Excellence in Marine Biology,
  Karachi University, Karachi
• NIO National Institute of Oceanography
  (NIO)- Karachi
• KPT Karachi Port Trust, Karachi
• KFHA Karachi Fisheries Harbour Authority, West
  Wharf, Karachi
• FCS Fishermen Cooperative Society, Fish
  Harbour, West Wharf, Karachi
• MFD Marine Fisheries Department, West Wharf,
  Karachi
• WWF - Pakistan (Karachi Office), Karachi
• PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency
  (GoP), Islamabad
• PCRWR Pakistan Council of Research in Water
  Resources, Islamabad
• DMAEC Dept. of Maritime Affairs Environmental
  Control, NHQ, Islamabad
• HD Hydrographic Department, Pakistan Navy,
  Naval H.Q, Karachi
• MSA Maritime Security Agency, Karachi
• KNPC Karachi Nuclear Power Complex (KNPC),
  Karachi
• (NIBGE) National Institute of Biotech. and
  Genetic Engineering Faisalabad

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• OBJECTIVES

• To document
• Tsunamigenic Sources for Pakistan Coast
• Pre-Tsunami trace metal contents of marine
  coastal sediments (surficial / Cores)
• Pre-Tsunami environmental stable and radioactive
  isotope contents of seawater and selected coastal
  groundwater along Pakistan Coast
• Results of the Proficiency Test conducted under
  Tsunami Project

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Marine Coastal Environment of Pakistan
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• Past Tsunami Events (Pakistan Coast)
• (Arabian Sea / Indian Ocean)
• Tsunamis in Indo-Pak region are relatively rare.
• Destructive tsunamis might have occurred in the
  
• Arabian Sea but not well documented.
• Tsunamis record for North Indian Ocean
• 1st. 326 BC
• 2nd. 1st Aril 9th May 1008
• 3rd. 1884
• 4th. 26th June 1941
• 5th. 27th/28th November 1945 (Origin Makran
  Coast)

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Major Tectonic Plates
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Distribution of Seismic Events
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TSUNAMIGENIC SOURCES

• LOCAL SOURCES
• Tsunamigenic source 1 (TSU 1) Makran Subduction
  zone.
• Tsunamigenic source 2 (TSU 2) Murray Ridge zone.
• REGIONAL SOURCES
• Tsunamigenic source 3 (TSU 3) occur in Indonesia
• Tsunamigenic source 4 5 (TSU 4,5) occur near
  Rangoon.

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LOCAL TSUNAMIGENIC SOURCES(TSU 1)

• MAKRAN SUBDUCTION ZONE, AN ACTIVE PLATE BOUNDARY
• SITE OF LARGE ( 7) INFREQUENT GREAT ( 7.8)
  EARTHQUAKES
• SUBDUCTION OF ARABIAN PLATE BENEATH THE EURASIAN
  PLATE

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HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES OF MAKRAN SUBDUCTION ZONE
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Tsunami 28th Nov., 1945 (24.5o N, 63o E Off
Makran Region Pakistan) Earthquake
Magnitude 8.25 M (70 km South of Karachi)
Tsunami Amplitude 11 12 meter
Tides Tsunami Effects - Gave birth to Mud
Volcanos - 4,000
deaths in / around
Pasni (Earthquake Tsunami
tides) - Tsunami
tides also affected Mumbai,
Karachi, Muscat, Oman
- Sever damage to property at Pasni,
Ormara, Karachi / Khudi
(Village) -
Thrust related event, av.slip of 6-7m.
Mud Volcano Hingol
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TSUNAMIGENIC SOURCE 2 (TSU 2)
CONTD.

• The tsunamigenic source (TSU 2) occur in the west
  of Karachi Coast in the offshore region of the
  Arabian Sea.
• The tectonic scenario of this source suggests
  that it is capable to generate magnitude of 7-8
  but can generate weak tsunamis.

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TSUNAMIGENIC SOURCE 2 (TSU 2)

• MURRAY RIDGE IS REPRESENTED BY SEA MOUNTS WITH
  STRIKE SLIP AND NORMAL FAULTING
• MARKED BY SHALLOW EARTHQUAKES UPTO 6
• NO KNOWN TSUNAMIGENIC ZONE ASSOCIATE WITH THIS
  SOURCE
• PLAYED A POSITIVE ROLE DURING THE GREAT
  EARTHQUAKE OF 1945 BY OBSTRUCTING THE APPROACHING
  TSUNAMI WAVES TO THE COAST OF KARACHI

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• Component I
• Trace Metal Distribution
• in
• Marine Coastal Sediments
• Surficial Sediments 21 samples
• - 11 from Manora Channel
• - 10 from Open Sea side
• Sediment Cores

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Sediment Water Sample Locations (Karachi Coast)
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Sediment and Water Sample Locations (Manora
Channel)

• 11 Surfcial Sediments
• (Grab Samples)
• Layari River Out fall Zone
• Manora Channel. Main
• Manora channel Exit

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• Analytical Aspects (Instrumentation)
• ICP-OES
• Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
• Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption
• Spectrophotometer
• Jerrel Ash Fluorometer
• QAQC (Standards)
• - SL-1
• - SL-3
• - Soil-5

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TRACE METAL CONTENT OF SEDIMENTS Manora Channel
(Karachi Harbour Area)
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TRACE METAL CONTENT OF SEDIMENTS (ppm) Manora
Channel (Karachi Harbour Area)
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COMPARISON OF AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF TRACE
METALS IN VARIOUS ESTURIAES AND HARBOURS
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• Conclusions (Trace Metals in Sediments)
• Higher concentration of trace elements are found
  near the outfall of Layari River where sewage and
  domestic waste are discharged.
• The trace element decrease toward open sea.
• A baseline data of selected trace metals is
  established which may be useful in future studies
  of correlates and may ultimately lead to more
  effective estuarine ecosystem management or
  restoration alternatives.

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Component I (b) Trace Metal Analysis of
Sediment Cores
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• Sediment Core Sampling
• 2 sediment cores (40-45 cm long) from Karachi and
  Somiani coast
• Cores divided into 2 cm thick slices for anlysis
• Metal Analysis
• Metal analysis by ICP-EOS
• (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr,Cu,Ni, Pb, Sb,
  Se, Si,Zn)
• Marine sediment reference standard SAL-1 was used
  for QAQC
• Error about 10 at the 95 confidence level.

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210 Pb Analysis

• 210Pb (T1/2 22.3 yr) was used in this study to
  investigate changes in metals concentrations on a
  decadal time scale.
• The activity of Pb-210 was estimated from that of
  Po-210. The Po-210 is typically analysed by alpha
  spectrometry following pre-concentration and
  spontaneous deposition onto silver discs.
• Alpha spectrometry system (7401 (CANBERRA) based
  on alpha PIPS detector PIPS (CANBERRA),
  Genie-2000 software (alpha version) and MCA card
  was used. Radiochemical separation of
  radionuclide (s) was carried out by leaching
  method

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Pb-210 Excess Verus Depth (cm) Profile Location
Somiani Beach Sediment Accumulation Rate 0.21
g/cm2 y Range 0.15 0.64 g/cm2 y
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Pb-210 Excess Verus Depth (cm) Profile Location
Karachi Beach Sediment Accumulation Rate 0.19
g/cm2 y Range 0.10 0.29 g/cm2 y
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Trace Metal Concentration Profile Somiani Coast
(2006-1921)
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Trace Metal Concentration Profile Somiani Coast
(2006-1921)
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Trace Metal Concentration Profile Somiani Coast
(2006-1921)
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Trace Metal Concentration Profile Karachi Coast
(2006-1914)
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Trace Metal Concentration Profile Karachi Coast
(2006-1914)
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Trace Metal Concentration Profile Karachi Coast
(2006-1914)
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Component II Groundwater
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ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPE PROFILE OF COASTAL
GROUNDWATER AND SEAWATER ALONG PAKISTAN COAST
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FIELD AND LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONSCoastal
Groundwater SalinityKarachi-Pakistan
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SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

• The Main Objective of the STUDY
• was to conduct applied research in
• use of isotope techniques for the
• identification of sources and dynamics
• of groundwater salinization in coastal
• aquifers of Karachi by sea water

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• Sources of Recharge to Coastal Ground-water in
  Karachi
• Rainfall
• Hub Lake/Hab Dam
• Indus River
• Malir River and Layari River
• Seawater intrusion

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FIELD SAMPLING

• Surface water samples along Layari and Malir
  River, Hab Dam, Hab River and shallow sea off
  Karachi coast.
• Shallow groundwater samples from hand-pumps,
  dug wells and mini pumping wells installed at
  depths less than 50 meters
• Deep groundwater samples pumping
  wells/tube-wells installed at depths greater
  than 50 meters.
• Samples for stable isotopes were collected in
  leak-tight /lined cap plastic bottles.

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INVENTORY WATER SAMPLES (69 Samples)
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FIELD PHYSIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER
SAMPLES

• Using Portable Digital Probes For
• Temperature
• pH
• Redox
• Dissolved Oxygen
• Total Dissolved Solids
• Electrical Conductivity
• Salinity
• Turbidity

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Field In-situ Analysis

• Temperature, electrical conductivity, salinity,
  turbidity, redox potential, pH and dissolved
  oxygen were measured in-situe.
• Turbidity was measured with a portable turbidity
  meter (Model 6035, JENWAY).
• Electrical conductivity and temperature were
  measured with portable conductivity meter (Model
  HI 8633, M/S HANNA Instruments).
• Redox was measured with a portable ORP meter
  (Model PS-19 ORP Meter, M/S Corning, Canada).
• Dissolved oxygen was measured with a portable
  D.O. Meter.
• Salinity was measured with a portable refractive
  index salinometer

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CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

• HYDROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
• HCO3-, CO3- , Cl- , SO4-2
• PAQUALAB BACTERIAL ANALYZER
• DUAL INCUBATOR SYSTEM MEASURES
• Total Coliform (T 37 Deg. Celsius)
• Faecal Coliform / E.Coli (T 44 Deg. Celsius)

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ENVIRONMENTAL STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS

• ? 18 O ? 2 H (water),
• ? 13C (TDIC)
• ? 34S (Aqueous Sulfate)
• Analysis was performed on gas source
• GD-150 Mass Spectrometer

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ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOISOTOPE ANALYSIS GAS SOURCE
MASS SPECTROMETERS
2H Mass Spectrometer
13C, 15N, 18O Mass Spectrometer
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• Precipitation
• ?18O (water) - 3.9 ? 1.9 o/oo V- SMOW
• Indus River
• EC gt 500 ?S/cm
• Salinity gt 1 ppt
• SO4-2 86 ppm
• ?13C (TDIC) 1.7 o/oo V- PDB
• ?18O (water) - 6.2 o/oo V- SMOW

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• Polluted Rivers
• Layari River
• EC 1.3 9 mS/cm
• Salinity 1 - 5 ppt
• Cl- 233 - 3291
  ppm
• SO4-2 54 - 525 ppm
• ?18O (water) - 5 to - 2.7
  o/oo V-SMOW
• ?13C (TDIC) - 7.2 to - 0.2
  o/oo V- PDB
• Malir River
• ?18O (water) -4.9 to -4.6 o/oo
• ?13C (TDIC ) -8.4 to -0.2 o/oo

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• Karachi Sea
• Electrical Conductivity 49.3 - 53.7 mS/cm
• Salinity 39 ppt
  
• Cl- 21,578 - 25,230 ppm
• SO4-2 2076 -
  2210 ppm.
• ?18O (water) 0.3 to 1.1 o/oo
• ?13C (TDIC) - 3.9 to
  0.8 o/oo

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• Shallow Groundwater (lt 30 m depth)
• EC 1.1 - 1.9
  mS/cm
• Salinity 1 ppt.
• pH 6.3 -7.9
• Dissolved oxygen 1.5 - 7.9 mg/L
• Turbidity 3.6 - 95 NTU
• HCO3- 356 -
  514 ppm
• Cl-
  82 - 169 ppm
• SO4-2 38 - 117 ppm
• ?18O - 6.3 to
  -5.8 o/oo
• ?13C -16.5 to
  -5.5 o/oo

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• Deep Groundwater (gt30 m depth)
• EC 1.9 - 19.1 mS/cm
• Salinity 1.7 - 7.4 ppt)
• Cl- 1480 - 6034 ppm
• SO4-2 144 - 2221 ppm.
• ?18O (water) - 6.2 to - 4.2 o/oo
• ?13C (TDIC) -13.2 to - 0.3 o/oo

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Chemical Characteristics of Karachi Groundwater
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Total Coliform in Karachi Groundwater
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Fecal Coliform in Karachi Groundwater
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O-18 V D/H (Coastal GW)
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Chloride/Bicarbonate Ratios versus 18O trend line
for ground water (Coastal Karachi)
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CONCLUSION

• The studies carried out on conjunctive use of
  stable isotope techniques and conventional
  non-nuclear chemical have successfully
  facilitated
• Recognition of areas recharged by precipitation,
  Indus River-Precipitation mixed water and
  seawater intrusion in shallow groundwater and
• Trapped Salinity in deep groundwater in coastal
  Karachi.

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d18O PROFILE OF SEAWATER ALONG PAKISTAN COAST
d18O data has identified areas which are
potential recipient of river water discharge i.e.
input of fresh groundwater/terrestrial water
inputs
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d2H PROFILE OF SEAWATER ALONG PAKISTAN COAST
d2H data supplements d18O data to identify areas
which are potential recipient of fresh
groundwater/terrestrial water inputs
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d34 S PROFILE OF SEAWATER ALONG PAKISTAN COAST
d34S (aqueous sulfate) data has also identified
areas which are potential recipient of fresh
groundwater/terrestrial water inputs,
industrial/domestic sewage
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?13C (TDIC) Profile of Seawater Off Pakistan
Coast
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CONCLUSIONS Stable Isotopes

• Stable isotopes of water molecule (18O and 2H)
  can be used as ideal tracers to differentiate
  inputs of fresh water, land based effluents in to
  the marine coastal environment
• Stable isotopes of aqueous species 13C (TDIC) and
  34S (Sulfate) can be used to identify the source
  of pollution

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RADIOACTIVITY PROFILE OF SEA SEDIMENTS AND
SEAWATER ALONG PAKISTAN COAST
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Release of Radionuclides in Marine Coastal
Environment

• Through activities like mining and milling of
  mineral ores, ore processing, uranium enrichment,
  nuclear fuel fabrication and handling of the fuel
  cycle end tailings.
• Release of higher quantities of radioactive
  materials into the environment due to
  atmospheric/underground nuclear weapon testing
  and accidents at nuclear installations like
  Chernobyl.
• Low-level artificial radionuclides are also added
  during the normal operations of nuclear
  facilities such as reactors, particle
  accelerators, production and application of
  radioisotopes in the fields of nuclear medicine,
  hydrology, research, industry and agriculture.
• Disposal of large quantities of radioactive
  wastes in the oceans.
• Sediment redistribution from hot spots to normal
  spots by events like Tsunami

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ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL
RADIONUCLIDES IN THE MARINE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT
OF PAKISTAN

• Analytical Work Done By
• PINSTECH
• Isotope Application Division
• - Isotope Hydrology Lab
• - Isotope Ecology Lab
• Health Physics Division
• -
  Environmental Monitoring Lab
• Applied Research Laboratories (PAEC)
• Mr.
  Muhammad Akram
• (Doctoral
  Research Fellow
• 
  University of The Punjab (2007)

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Objectives of the Study

• Measurement of naturally occurring manmade/
  artificial gamma emitting radionuclides e.g.
  226Ra, 228Ra, 210Pb, 40K, 137Cs
• Assessment of tritium (3H) contents in seawaters.
  
• Establishment of an accurate and precise database
  of these radionuclides

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PERFORMANCE CHECK (QAQC) Gamma Spectrometric
Analysis of Control Samples
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Results of the IAEA-CU-2006-03 Proficiency Test
Soil sample ( IAEA Sample Code 01) (Laboratory
Code No. 366)
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Results of the IAEA-CU-2006-03 Proficiency Test
Water Sample ( IAEA sample code 03) (Laboratory
code No. 366)
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Lower Limits of Detection (LLD) Gamma
Spectrometer for different radionuclides
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RESULTS
Gamma Emitting Radionuclides in Sea Sediments
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Indus Delta and Indus River Activity
concentration (Bq.kg-1) of different
radionuclides in sediment samples
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Manora channel Activity concentrations
of 226Ra, 228Ra, 137Cs, 40K (Bq.kg-1) in sediments
Cont
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Manora channel (continued) Activity
concentrations of 226Ra, 228Ra, 137Cs, 40K
(Bq.kg-1) in sediments
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Range of specific activity of 226Ra in sediment
samples collected from different sites of Sindh
coast, Pakistan.
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Range of specific activity of 228Ra in sediment
samples collected from different sites of Sindh
coast, Pakistan.
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Range of specific activity of 40K in sediment
samples collected from different sites of Sindh
coast, Pakistan.
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Range of specific activity of 226Ra in sediment
samples collected from different sites of
Balochistan coast, Pakistan.
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Range of specific activity of 228Ra in sediment
samples collected form different sites of
Balochistan coast, Pakistan.
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Range of specific activity of 40K in sediment
samples collected from different sites of
Balochistan coast, Pakistan.
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Comparison of mean activity of 226Ra in sediment
samples collected from Pakistan coast with other
regions of the world.
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Comparison of mean activity of 228Ra in sediment
samples collected from Pakistan coast with other
regions of the world.
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Comparison of mean activity of 40k in sediment
samples collected from Pakistan coast with other
regions of the world.
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Gamma Emitting Radionuclides in Seawater
Cont
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Activity Concentration of Gamma Emitting
Radionuclides in Seawater
Specific activity levels of 40K in coastal
seawaters from different locations along Pakistan
coast.
Cont
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Cont
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Activity concentration scatter data of K-40 in
water samples (starting from Karachi North West
coast Sindh to Jiwani coast, Balochistan) of
Pakistan coast
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Indus Delta and Indus River Activity
concentration (Bq.l-1) of different radionuclides
in water samples from Indus Delta and Indus River
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Tritium Analysis of Seawater along Pakistan Coast
(Analyzed 2004)
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CONCLUSIONS RADIOACTIVITY

• SURFICIAL SEDIMENTS (Radioactivity)
• Naturally occurring radionuclides 226Ra, 228Ra
  and 40K were found in sediments of the coastal
  zone of Pakistan. However, sea sediments seldom
  show the presence of artificial radionuclides.
• Mean activity concentrations of 226Ra, 228Ra and
  40K radionuclides for Sindh coast were 23.5
  Bqkg-1, 22.1 Bqkg-1 and 562.3 Bqkg-1,
  respectively. The average activity contents of
  226Ra, 228Ra and 40K for Balochistan coast were
  23.0 2.9 Bq.kg-1, 14.3 1.2 Bq.kg-1 and 238.4
  14.0 Bq.kg-1, respectively.
• The 226Ra contents normally remain uniform (same
  range) throughout the coast, but the levels of
  228Ra and 40K were slightly low in Balochistan
  coast as compared to the Sindh coast.
• The activities of 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K
  radionuclides in sediments did not show a
  constant trend but varied from area to area,
  probably due to the variations in sediment
  matrix.
• The activity concentrations of naturally
  occurring radionuclides (226Ra, 228Ra, and 40K)
  in sediments of the study area are invariably
  comparable to those for other parts of the world.

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• SEAWATER (Radioactivity)
• The radionuclides detected in seawater samples
  from the coastal zone of Pakistan were 3H and
  40K.
• The specific activity of 3H and 40K in seawaters
  varies from 0.0230.08 to 0.310.07 Bq.L-1 and
  from 13.1 to 18.4 Bq.L-1, respectively.
• The contents of 3H in Indus River water are
  slightly higher than its levels in sea water,
  which may be due to the release of 3H to the
  river from inland nuclear installations.
• Concentration of 3H in Karachi coastal zone is
  slightly toward higher end as compared to other
  areas of the coast, which may be attributed to
  the fact of mixing of fresh water of Indus River
  in this area.

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Participation in Proficiency Test for QA/QC
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Proficiency Test Results Under
Tsunami Project - PAKISTAN
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Future Plan

• Model studies on determination of physiochemical,
  trace metal, environmental stable isotopes and
  radioactive isotopic compositions of sediments
  (surficial sediment and sediment cores) and water
  from Tsunami effected Pasni Coast
• Grain Size and Mineralogical Analysis of Marine
  Coastal Sediments and Deltaic Sediments
• Determination of trace metal and environmental
  isotope composition of coral reefs along Pakistan
  coast
• Documentation and compilation of results as a
  national / regional report through the office of
  RCARO

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Acknowledgements

• PINSTECH is highly grateful to RCARO for
  providing Kajak sediment Corer and GPS
• Thanks to Members of the National Team
• Thanks to National End-user Organizations for
  help in field sampling

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Tsunami Project

• Participation RCA/UNDP Project Formulation
  Meeting
• Formation of National Project Team
• Participated in Training Course (Malaysia)
• Analysis of trace metal in surficial and
  sediment cores
• Stable isotope analysis of coastal groundwater
  Samples
• Participated in Proficiency QA/QC Test

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ALPHA SPECTROSCOPY
Detector Type Silicon Surface Barrier
Surface Area 450mm2 Energy
Resolution 25 keV Detector Efficiency 40
Working Vacuum lt 0.2 mbar Bias Supply
40 V Software
Interwinner (V 4.1)
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Gamma spectrometry (HPGe)