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The Global Programme of Action
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• Preventing the degradation of the marine
  environment from land based activities physical
  alteration and destruction of habitats.
• Links freshwater, coastal and marine
  environments.
• Global regional national approach.
• Non-binding agreement, adopted in 1995 by 108
  States and the European Commission.

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The Need for the GPA
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80 of all marine pollution comes from land-based
activities!
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Why Focus on Marine and Coastal Areas?
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• The sustainable use of coastal and ocean
  resources is linked to public health, food
  security, and economic and social benefits,
  including cultural values and traditional
  livelihoods.

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Why Focus on Marine and Coastal Areas?
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• Nearly half of the global population resides in
  coastal areas
• 2/3rd of the worlds cities are
• coastal
• Goods and services provided
• by marine coastal ecosystems
• are worth US 13 trillion per annum, which
  equals to half of the annual global GDP

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Contribution of Coastal Resources in Global GDP
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The Core of the GPA
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• GPA is a source of conceptual and practical
  guidance,
• specifies action required at national level, and
  advocates regional and international
  cooperation,
• recommends approaches by source category
• Sewage Heavy Metals Litter
• Nutrients POPs
  Sediment mobilisation
• Radioactive Oils Physical
  alteration
• substances (hydrocarbons) destruction of
  habitats

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GPA Programmes
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• National Programmes of Action (NPA)
• Strategic Action Plan on Municipal Wastewater
  (SAP)
• Physical Alterations and Destruction of Habitats
  (PADH)
• Integrated Coastal Area and River Basin
  Management (ICARM)
• Innovative Financing
• Overall Focus from Planning to Action

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Implementation through NPAs and the UNEP Regional
Seas Programme 18 Regional Seas, covering 140
countries binding conventions
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Second Intergovernmental Review of the Global
Programme of Action for the Protection of the
Marine Environment from Land-Based Sources of
Pollution Beijing, 16-20 October 2006
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Reporting to IGR-2
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The State of the Coastal Marine Environment
Trends and Processes A global analysis
describing progress in addressing the GPA source
categories, based on a number of regional
workshops, D S P I R using existing global
assessments, like GESAMP, GEO, GIWA, WWDR, GMA,
etc., also regional/national reports and
literature
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Observations
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• scattered data
• no consistent monitoring networks at regional
  level
• no adequate time series
• many project level initiatives,
• often having diverging objectives and/or
  indicators
• monitoring as part of a management cyclus
• various scales in space and time, aggregation
  levels
• - not all data are acknowledged by national
  government
• Need for harmonisation !

domestic wastewater discharges nutrients
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Information needs MWW ltgt GPA
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• Sewage is a primary source category polluting
  coastal waters
• as listed in the GPA as identified by most
  Regional Seas
• Various Regional Seas have protocols addressing
  MWW,
• and need to report accordingly
• MWW is regarded a dimension of MDG - target 10
  on WS,
• and is being reported in the JMP on WS
• However
• -Connection treatment are often reported as
  national data, not RS
• -RS focal point ministries are often not the
  same as those for WS
• -Difficult to disaggregate nationally reported
  data, both for coastal
• regions and river basins
• -Alternative technologies often not included
  (e.g. ecological sanitation)

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Wastewater in UNEP/Regional Seas
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Addressing Water and Sanitation is not
restricted to taps and toilets
Collection, treatment, re-use and re-allocation
to the environment are important aspects to
consider
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Improved Sanitation Status in 2002 58 coverage,
2.6 bn people without access
Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation
Target Mid-term Assessment of
Progress WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2004
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Information needs Sewage-Nutrients
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• - Discharges of untreated sewage are supposed to
  affect
• Human Health, Biodiversity Ecosystem
  functioning, economic
• Sectors e.g. fisheries, tourism, in coastal
  waters oceans
• gt assessments of impacts attributable to
  sewage
• gt economic valuation of goods services
• Growing awareness of importance of nutrients
  (incl. sewage,
• agriculture, sediments, dust, natural run off,
  atmospheric dep.)
• gt regional differentiation in management
  approaches
• gt no global policy mechanism addressing
  nutrients
• There are extensive reporting mechanisms on
  nutrients (N,P),
• Mainly load based data, based on national
  emissions per sector,
• pathway modeling, and, to a lesser extent
  coupled with water
• quality models

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Information needs Sewage-Nutrients
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• However
• Such data are of poor quality in many developing
  countries
• if they at all exist
• Emission reduction scenarios are often
  in-country oriented,
• sometimes river basin oriented, but often not
  taking into
• account trans-boundary cumulative effects,
• coastal regions characteristics (100
  km, lt50 m)
• aggregating at the level of regional seas
• - Example Baltic Sea
• ecologically limiting factors
• - P/N ratios, and Si Fe
• resilience, nutrient scarce systems

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Visit the new UNEP/GPA Coordination Office Website
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www.gpa.unep.org