Zero Emissions Technologies Strategy ZETS for Fossil Fuels

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• Zero Emissions Technologies Strategy (ZETS) for
  Fossil Fuels
• Jacek Podkanski
• IEA Energy Technology Collaboration Division
• A New Future for Coal WEC Coal Dialogue
• Warsaw, Poland, June 19-20, 2002

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Overview

• International Energy Agency
• Coal - main source of energy for the foreseeable
  future
• Zero Emissions Technologies for Fossil Fuels
• Early modelling results
• Zero Emissions Technologies Strategy of the IEA
  Working Party on Fossil Fuels

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The IEA

• Founded in 1974 in the wake of the first oil
  shock now - 26 member countries
• Objectives
• represent major energy-consuming nations
• work for stability in world energy markets
• Goal To ensure
• energy security
• economic growth
• environmental protection

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Zero Emissions Technologies Next Frontier for
Fossil Energy

• There is a need and possibility to develop and
  deploy technologies that would not involve any
  significant emissions, including carbon dioxide
  (CO2)
• Available over next two decades
• Intensified efforts required, significant
  progress in research, technological development
  and deployment needed in the areas of CO2 capture
  and storage

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Coal in the period to 2020(IEA World Energy
Outlook 2000)

• Coal will remain the largest energy source for
  power generation coal demand is projected to
  rise by 1.7 a year on average
• Coal reserves are vast and widely dispersed
• Supply costs are expected to remain stable
• Price-setting mechanisms will evolve further
• The key uncertainty affecting future coal use is
  the impact of environmental policies on demand

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World Electricity Generation1971-2020
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Coal has to overcome its environmental
difficulties

• Zero Emissions Technologies (ZET)
• (near) zero for all pollutants including CO2
• first - efficiency
• later, to avoid emissions of CO2, sequestration
• CO2 capture (costs !)
• transportation (public acceptance !)
• storage (capacity, public acceptance !)

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CO2 Capture
heat and electricity
post-combustion capture
Power generation
Capture of CO2
heat and electricity
ASU
Capture of CO2
Storage/use of CO2
Fossil fuel
Oxy-fuel combustion
Partial oxidation or reforming
CO shift
Fuel gas extraction
hydrogen
pre-combustion decarbonisation
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CO2 Capture (1)

• Flue gas approach
• absorption - new or improved solvents needed,
  high efficiency absorbers, demonstration and
  optimisation on a larger scale
• adsorption improved adsorbents (higher tolerance
  for increased temperature, improved capacity and
  selectivity, higher tolerance for water)
• membrane separation - developing technology,
  basic research required
• cryogenic separation - integrating and testing
  needed

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CO2 Capture (2)

• Oxygen combustion approach
• more efficient air separation technologies needed
• large scale demonstration
• Hydrogen/syngas approach
• commercialisation of IGCC plants needed
• development of H2 turbines
• more efficient and cheaper fuel cells

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CO2 Transportation

• Pipeline transportation - an established
  technology
• Commercialisation of shipping technologies needed
• Getting public acceptance

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CO2 Storage and Utilisation (1)

• Storage in depleted oil and gas reservoirs
  (including enhanced oil recovery and enhanced gas
  recovery)
• strong candidate for near term sequestration
• significant amount of experience, technology and
  expertise
• on-going demonstration projects (monitoring !)
• Storage in deep saline aquifers
• better understanding needed
• monitoring and verification methods to be
  established
• on-going demonstration project
• Storage in unminable coal beds (including
  enhanced coalbed methane recovery)
• commercially available
• detailed geological surveys needed
• monitoring techniques to be developed

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CO2 Storage and Utilisation (2)

• Mineralization
• magnesium silicate
• main problems - huge amount of materials,
  reaction rate
• Direct deep injection into the ocean
• technology exists
• unknown impact
• Public acceptance -
• monitoring, reliability, safety

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CO2 Capture and Storage Cost, Penalties and
Storage Capacity(based on materials provided by
the IEA GHG RD Programme)

• Capture cost 30 - 50/tonne CO2 avoided
• Geological storage cost 10/tonne CO2
• Ocean storage cost (uncertain) 20/tonne CO2
  (500km)
• Penalties of CO2 Capture 1.5 US c/kWh
  electricity
• 10-15 efficiency decrease
• Geological Storage Capacity Gton CO2
  emission
• 2000-2050
• - Depleted Oil Gas Fields 920
  45
• - Unminable Coal Beds gt15 gt1
• - Deep Saline Aquifers 400-10,000
  20-500

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Source Klaus S. Lackner
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RD ProgrammesSource Technology Status Report
(IEA WPFF)

• Australia, Canada, Denmark, Japan, The
  Netherlands, Norway, United Kingdom, United
  States, European Commission
• Examples
• CO2 Capture Project (BP, Chevron Texaco, Eni,
  Norsk Hydro, Pan Canadian, the Royal Dutch Shell
  Group of Companies, Statoil, Suncor Energy)
• Saline Aquifer CO2 Storage (Statoil, IEA GHG RD
  Programme, EU Energie Programme, BP Amoco, Norsk
  Hydro, Exxon Mobil, Vattefall, TotalFinaElf, the
  geological surveys of Denmark, France and the UK,
  Sintef Petroleum Research, IFP (France), NITG-TNO
  (The Netherlands))
• Weyburn Monitoring Project (Natural Resources
  Canada, Saskatchewan Energy and Mines, Government
  of Alberta, US DoE, European Community, EnCana
  Corporation, Saskpower, Nexen Canada ltd, BP,
  Dakota Gasification Co, TransAlta Utilities, ENAA
  - Japan, TotalFinaElf

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IEA IAs and ZET
Implementing Agreements involved in ZET
activities

• Clean Coal Centre
• Greenhouse Gas RD Programme
• Clean Coal Sciences
• Fluidised Bed Conversion
• Multiphase Flow Project
• Enhanced Oil Recovery
• International Centre for Gas Technology
  Information
• Fuel Cell Project
• Hydrogen
• Energy Technology System Analysis Programme
  (ETSAP)

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C removal in the 550 ppmv scenariosMton C vs.
Years
Price decrease (bottom left) favourises more
solid fuel based options whereas price increase
(bottom right) eliminates most of these compared
to simple 550 ppmv case
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Zero Emissions Technologies Strategy - ZETS

• Initiative of the IEA Working Party
• on Fossil Fuels to promote the
• development and use of zero
• emissions technologies for fossil
• fuels.

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Implementation of the ZETSCollaboration

• Technology Status Report
• Gap Analysis
• Plan for RD collaboration

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Implementation of the ZETSDeployment

• Identification of institutional and legal
  barriers to development and deployment
• Advice on necessary policy actions
• Co-ordination and assistance in realisation of
  early opportunities

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Implementation of the ZETSCommunication

• Providing information about zero
• emissions technologies to
• Public sector decision-makers
• The general public
• The energy industry

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Contact Information

• Jacek Podkanski
• Division of Energy Technology Collaboration, IEA
• jacek.podkanski_at_iea.org
• www.iea.org