Interactions of Living Things

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Chapter 19

• Interactions of Living Things

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Who Eats Whom?
Killer Whale
Krill Shrimp
Cod Fish
Algae
Leopard Seal
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Who Eats Whom?
Killer Whale
Cod Fish
Krill Shrimp
Algae
Leopard Seal
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Who Eats Whom?
1. In nature would you expect to see more Killer
Whales than cod? Arrange the cards in order of
most individuals in and organism to fewest
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Who Eats Whom?

• Analysis
• What might happen to the other organisms if algae
  were removed from this group? What might happen
  if Killer Whales were removed?
• Are there organisms in this group that eat more
  than one kind of food? How would you change the
  order of the cards to show this information?

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Section 1 Everything is connected

• Studying the Web of Life
• Ecology The study of interactions of organisms
  with one another and the environment
• Two Parts of the environment
• Biotic All organisms that live and interact
• Abiotic Nonliving factors

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Section 1 Everything is connected

• Studying the Web of Life
• Organization in the Environment
• Organized into different levels, Fig. 2, p. 587
• Organism, population, community, ecosystem,
  biosphere
• Populations
• A group individuals of the same species that live
  together
• Examples

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Section 1 Everything is connected

• Studying the Web of Life
• Communities
• All of the populations of species that live and
  interact in an area.
• They depend on each other for food, shelter, many
  other things
• Ecosystems
• Biosphere

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Section 1 Everything is connected

• Studying the Web of Life
• Ecosystems
• A community of organisms and the abiotic
  environment
• How do temperature, precipitation, and soil
  characteristics affect the organisms
• Biosphere
• The part of the earth where life exists
• From deep in the ocean to high in the air

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Section 2 Living Things Need Energy

• The Energy Connection Organisms are divided
  into producers, consumers, and decomposers
• Producers
• Use sunlight directly to make food
• Photosynthesis
• Most producers are plants and also include algae
  and bacteria

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Section 2 Living Things Need Energy

• The Energy Connection
• Consumers
• Organisms that eat other organisms to obtain
  energy
• Herbivores Eat only plants
• Carnivores Eat only animals
• Omnivores Eat both plants and animals
• Scavengers Eat dead plants and animals

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Section 2 Living Things Need Energy

• The Energy Connection
• Decomposers
• Organisms that break down dead organisms
• Bacteria and Fungi
• They remove stored energy in dead organisms
• Natures recyclers

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Section 2 Living Things Need Energy

• Food Chains and Food Webs
• Food Chain Diagram that shows energy flow from
  on organism to the next
• They dont eat only one food
• Food Web Shows the feed relationships between
  organisms

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Carnivore
Carnivore
Carnivore
omnivore
herbivore
herbivore
herbivore
herbivore
Producer
Producer
Producer
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Energy Pyramids
Decreasing Amounts of energy
Decreasing Number of organisms
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Section 2 Living Things Need Energy

• Wolves and the Energy Pyramid
• Gray wolves control the population of many
  organisms
• Predators that prey on large animals including
  elk
• Top of the food pyramid
• They became endangered
• What happens to the Elk population?
• Grass population?

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Section 2 Living Things Need Energy

• Wolves and the Energy Pyramid
• Gray wolves and the Food Web
• Brought back to Yellowstone in 1995
• Began to breed
• Will this help balance the other populations in
  the park
• Hurt the ranchers in the area
• They can kill old, diseased, injured elk
• This increases grass populations
• Animal populations that eat the grass will grow

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Section 3 Types of Interactions

• Interactions with the Environment
• Limiting Factors A resource that is so scarce
  it limits its population
• Carrying capacity The largest population that
  an environment can support

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Section 3 Types of Interactions

• Interactions Between Organisms
• Competition
• Two or more organisms want to use the same
  resource.
• Resources are limited
• Can happen within a population
• Elk in Yellowstone compete for the same food
• Can happen between populations
• Sunlight in a tropical rain forest

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Section 3 Types of Interactions

• Interactions Between Organisms
• Predators and Prey
• Predator Eats Prey
• Predator Adaptations
• Very fast and catches prey Cheetah
• Ambush their prey Goldenrod Spider
• Other Predators Praying Mantis

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Section 3 Types of Interactions

• Interactions Between Organisms
• Predators and Prey
• Pray The Hunted
• Prey Adaptations
• Run Away
• Prairie Dogs run to their burrows
• Small fish form schools
• Antelopes and buffalo stay in herds

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Section 3 Types of Interactions

• Interactions Between Organisms
• Predators and Prey
• Pray The Hunted
• Prey Adaptations
• Camouflage Blend into their surroundings to
  hide from predators

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Walking Stick
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Section 3 Types of Interactions

• Defensive Chemicals

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Section 3 Types of Interactions

• Warning Coloration
• Predators will avoid animals that have colors and
  patterns that they associate with pain, illness,
  or unpleasant experience.
• Examples bright shades of red, yellow, orange,
  black, and white

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Section 3 Types of Interactions

• Symbiosis
• A close, long term association between two or
  more species
• They can benefit, be unaffected by, or be harmed
  by the other organism

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Section 3 Types of Interactions

• Symbiosis
• Mutualism Both organisms benefit
• Bacteria in your intestine
• Corals and Algae
• Algae produce food for the coral
• Coral dies and form reefs with their skeleton

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Section 3 Types of Interactions

• Symbiosis
• Commensalism One organism benefits and the
  other is unaffected
• Sharks and remoras

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Section 3 Types of Interactions

• Symbiosis
• Parasitism One organism benefits and the other
  is harmed
• Parasite The organism that benefits
• Host The organism that is harmed
• Ticks, tapeworms, tomato hornworm
• Sometimes the host dies but most need them alive
  to survive

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Section 3 Types of Interactions

• Coevolution
• Relationships change over time
• When a long-term change takes place in two
  species
• Coevolution and flowers
• Pollinators
• Flowers attract pollinators
• Bees, bats, and hummingbirds

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Section 3 Types of Interactions

• Warning Coloration

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Bell Ringer for Thursday 11/5

• 1. Give an example of an animal that we
  discussed in class that has an adaptation that
  allows it to be a good predator.
• Your friend puts leftover food and yard scraps
  into a compost pile in the back yard in order to
  turn them into soil for plants. Over time, she
  notices that the compost pile has fungi growing
  on it. What effect will it have on the compost
  pile?
• Coyotes are living near a populated area, and
  residents are afraid their dogs and cats will be
  attacked. These residents want to kill the
  coyotes. Do you think this is a good idea? Why
  or why not?
• Briefly describe one example of a predator-prey
  relationship. Identify the predator and the
  prey.

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