Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell

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Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell
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Play the publishers movie on cells.
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What We Will Cover In Chapter 4

• We will discuss the cell as the fundamental unit
  of life
• We will define the cell theory
• We will compare prokaryotic Vs. eukaryotic cells
• We will compare plant cells and animal cells
• We will detail the fluid mosaic model of the
  plasma membrane
• We will identify the primary cellular organelles
• We will discuss the structure and function of the
  nucleus
• We will discuss the structure and function of
  ribosomes
• We will discuss the structure and function of the
  endoplasmic reticulum
• We will discuss the structure and function of the
  Golgi apparatus
• We will discuss the structure and function of
  lysosomes
• We will discuss the structure and function of the
  chloroplasts and mitochondria

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Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell
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The cell is the __________ _______ of
________. The cell has a special place in the in
the hierarchy of biological organization It is
the __________________ level of structure that
can perform all the activities required for life.
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The cell occupies a special place in the
biological ____________ or organization.
The cell can perform all the functions that
define __________as we discussed in Chapter 1.
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Microscopes are a Biologists Window to the World
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3 Kinds of Microscopy 1._____________________ 2.
_____________________ 3._____________________

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Microscopes are a Biologists Window to the World
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To peer inside the world of the cell, biologists
often use light microscopes. -------------------
--------------------- Eukaryotic cells are very
________ about 0.1 or 1 tenth of a millimeter
(mm). Bacterial cells are even ___________.
Remember lab?

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Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
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When using 400X total magnification, our cheek
cells which are _________ were easy to see.
However, at 400X the bacterial cells which are
___________ were still tiny and hard to make
out. What do you think is picture is
showing?
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The Cell Theory
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In 1665 Robert ___________ used a simple
microscope to examine a thin piece of
___________from the bark of an oak tree and named
the small pits ___________, after the small
rooms that monks occupied in monasteries. The
cell theory states that 1. All living things
are composed of ________. 2. All cells arise
from previously existing _______.
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There are Two Major Types of Cells
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Organisms included in Domains _______________ and
_____________ consist of prokaryotic cells and so
are called ______________. All other organisms
such as protists, plants, fungi and animals
including humans are composed of eukaryotic
cells and are called __________________.
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Comparing and Contrasting Eukaryotic and
Prokaryotic Cells
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Trait Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic
Cell Size _____________ __________________ Comp
lexity _____________ __________________ DNA ____
_________ __________________ Organelles _________
____ __________________ Origin _____________ __
________________
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Eukaryotic Cells Plants Vs. Animal Cells
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Many more similarities than differences
Similarities Plasma membrane ______________
(where DNA lives) Cytoplasm Biochemistry _______
___________ Differences ___________ present
only in plant cells _____________ only in
plant cells Photosynthesis ___________________
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The Plasma Membrane A Fluid Mosaic of Lipids
and Proteins
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The ________ ___________ is a very thin double
(bilayer) of molecules consisting of lipids
(phospholipids) and a bunch of different
_______________. The lipids and proteins of the
plasma membrane act like a cellular security
guard by regulating the traffic of ______________
into and _______ _________ the cell.
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Homeostasis
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Homeostasis The steady state of cellular
function a state of ______________maintained
primarily by the ____________ _____________. The
plasma membrane can be compared to the _________
of an animal.
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The Phospholipid Bilayer and the Fluid Mosaic
Model of the Plasma Membrane
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The _______ __________ forms a selective
barrier between the aqueous environment outside
the cell (Extracellular fluid) and the aqueous
environment known as ________________ inside the
cell. The ______________, which serve many
different and important functions, float around
like the children in a play pen full of rubber
balls.
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The Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane
Membrane phospholipids are composed of a
_________________ phosphate group to which two
_______________ fatty acid tails are attached.
The phospholipids are not connected but float
around each other like people shoulder to
shoulder in a crowd. (Fluid)
Membrane proteins float around within the lipid
bilayer and serve many functions including
(Mosaic) 1.Receptors for hormones 2. Transport
of ___________ such as sodium 3. Connecting one
cell to __________ 4. Self recognition
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The Organelles
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An organelle is a structure with a specialized
____________ within a cell Much like a
department within a business organization.
Examples of organelles we will learn about in
this chapter The Nucleus The Golgi Apparatus
Cytoskeleton Ribosomes Lysosomes Endoplasmi
c reticulum Vacuoles Chloroplasts
and Mitochondria
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The Nucleus
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The ____________ contains the _____________
material of the cell. The nucleus is surrounded
by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.
__________ (passages) in the nuclear envelope
allow for ____________ to migrate out of the
nucleus and into the cytoplasm.
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The Nucleolus
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The nucleus contains a ball-like mass of fibers
and granules called the _______________. The
nucleolus manufactures the parts of
_____________ which we will learn about next.
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Ribosomes
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The small dots in the cytoplasm and on the
surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are
____________. Ribosomes use RNA as
instructions to make _____________.
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The Nucleus and Ribosomes Genetic Control of
Protein Synthesis
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• DNA codes the information to make
  _____________into a molecule known as _______
  _____(mRNA).
• mRNA serves as the ____________ for building a
  protein. RNA passes through the ________
  __________ to the ribosomes.
• 3. As a ribosome moves along the RNA, the
  genetic code is translated resulting in the
  production of _________________.

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Some Proteins are Made in the Cell and Stay in
the Cell
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Ribosomes are the protein ___________ of the
cell. The manufacturing of proteins in the cell
is called ___________ ___________ and we will
study this in detail later. Some ribosomes are
suspended in the cytoplasm. They make proteins
that will remain in the ______________. Examples
of these proteins 1.____________________________ 2
._____________________________
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Other Proteins have Other Destinations and other
Roles
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Instead of being used inside the cell, other
______________ are destined to be used in the
______________ _________________ or will be
sent out of the cell and into the
_________________. Examples of these
proteins 1.____________________________ 2.________
_____________________
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Manufacturing and Distribution the Protein
Products of a Cell
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• The Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Vacuoles
• The Golgi Apparatus
• Lysosomes

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum differ in
structure and function

• ___________ ER Studded with ribosomes like
  coarse grit sandpaper. Rough ER produces
  proteins destined for the plasma _______________
  and proteins that are to be exported (secreted)
  into the bloodstream.
• 2. __________ ER Produces lipids (fats) and
  breaks down toxins

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The Golgi Apparatus
Camilllo Golgi
The _________ _____________ receives proteins
from vesicles coming from the endoplasmic
reticulum. The Golgi ____________ and
____________ proteins. Some proteins are
addressed for final destinations within the cell
and other are sent off to the ______________
____________ to be released outside the cell.
_______________ is the term used to describe
a protein released from the cell. Salivary cells
are good examples of secretory cells.
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Lysosomes Latin Breakdown Body
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• 1. ________________ are the stomachs and garbage
  pits of the cell. They contain ______
  ________ (juices) that would destroy the cell
  if they were not compartmentalized. In the
  lysosome____, ___________, _________ and
  ________ ________ are broken down to their
  component monomers (Remember Those).
• Lysosomes in white blood cells destroy
  _______________ and _____________
  ______________ to keep us healthy.

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Chloroplasts and MitochondriaEnergy Conversion
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Plants and animals differ in several distinct
ways. Plants have the ability to make sugar
through the process of ___________________________
_ carried out in organelles called
__________________. Then, the sugar is processed
into cellular energy (___________) in organelles
called _____________________. Keep this in mind,
both plant and animal cells require mitochondria
to convert sugar to cellular energy in the form
of ATP.
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Chloroplasts and Mitochondria - Energy
Conversion -
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Plants sustain most of the living world by
converting sunlight into __________. Plants do
this via the action of ______________ which are
plant specific organelles.
Mitochondria convert sugars to
____________ which are the molecules in the cell
that perform cellular work. Mitochondria are
found in all cells, including _____________
cells.
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Chloroplasts and Mitochondria - Energy
Conversion -
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Only Mitochondria in _______________
cells. Both Mitochondria and
__________________ in plant cells.
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Cellular Movement Cilia and Flagella
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____________ and _______________ are extensions
from a cell that aid in movement.
________________ are long singular extensions
that move a cell through its environment like a
boat propeller. ______________ are short,
numerous extensions that beat back and forth like
the oars on a boat.
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Problems with Cilia and Flagella
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Male Infertility Smokers Cough
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Thats All for Chapter 4Homework is due ______?
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