Electrical Engineering 40 Introduction to Microelectronic Circuits

1
Electrical Engineering 40Introduction to
Microelectronic Circuits

• Instructor
• Prof. Connie Chang-Hasnain
• EECS Department
• University of California, Berkeley

2
Introduction

• Instructor Prof. Connie Chang-Hasnain
• Office 263M Cory Hall
• Office hour Mon 330-430
• Email cch_at_eecs.berkeley.edu
• Phone [phone]       
• Secretary Amy Ng, 253 Cory, [phone]
  amy_at_eecs.berkeley.edu
• Background
• Area of Research Micro- and nano-
  optoelectronics, semiconductor lasers
• 1987 Ph. D., EECS, UC Berkeley
• 1987-92 Bellcore, member of technical staff
• 1992-96 Assistant/Associate Prof. in EE,
  Stanford University
• 1996 - Professor of EECS, Berkeley
• 1997-2000 Founder, CEO, Bandwidth9
• 2004 - Director, Center for Optoelectronic
  Nano-SemiconductoR Tech.
• Some Current Research Projects
• Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers
• Integrating VCSEL and MEMS to make tunable lasers
  and detectors
• Synthesis of nanowires and quantum dots
• Slow down light in semiconductor to lt200 m/sec.

3
EE 40 Course Overview

• EECS 40
• One of five EECS core courses (with 20, 61A, 61B,
  and 61C)
• introduces hardware side of EECS
• prerequisite for EE105, EE130, EE141, EE150
• Prerequisites Math 1B, Physics 7B
• Course involves three hours of lecture, one hour
  of discussion and three hours of lab work each
  week.
• Course content
• Fundamental circuit concepts and analysis
  techniques of electric circuits
• Introduction of basic circuit components and
  their general characteristics (RLC, diode,
  transistor), current and voltage sources.
• First and second order circuits, impulse and
  frequency response
• Circuit applications digital gates
• Class Times T/Th 340-5 pm, 10 Evans
• Text Book
• Electrical Engineering Principles and
  Applications, third edition, Allan R. Hambley,
  Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005

4
First Week Announcements

• Seating
• Fixed seating throughout the semester ? sign up
  now
• Leave one space between you and your neighbors
• Discussion and Lab Sessions will start next week
• Class web page is already up
• Lecture notes, class syllabus, staff, schedule,
  exam, grading , etc.
• Grading
• 10 12 HW sets
• 15 11 Labs (7 structured experiments and one
  4-week final project),
• 17 each 2 midterm exams
• 34 Final exam
• 7 5-8 Unannounced pop quizzes
• Best Lecture Notes Contest
• Submit your complete set of notes from
  lectures/discussion sessions/review sessions/labs
  by noon, 5/20 to enter the competition.
• One winner will receive extra points equivalent
  to 2 of final grade.
• If none of the submission contains complete
  information, no winner will be selected.
• Best Final Project Contest
• Rules and awards will be announced later.

5
Announcements contd

• Labs begin second week.
• Go to your assigned lab section. Satisfactory
  completion of each lab is necessary to pass
  class.
• Weekly HW
• Assignment on web on Thursday, starting 1/20/05.
• Due 5 pm the following Thursday in HW box, 240
  Cory.
• No late HW accepted.
• Graded HW will be returned in your Discussion
  Session
• Midterms in class
• Feb. 23 and April 6, 2006
• 80 minutes long
• Closed book, one cheat sheet allowed
• Final Exam 1230-330 pm, May 19, 2006
• Closed book, two cheat sheets allowed

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Classroom Rules

• Please come to class on time.
• There will be pop quizzes from time to time at
  the beginning or end of classes.
• Please sit in the seat you signed up for.
• Turn off cell phones, pagers, radio, CD, DVD,
  etc.
• No food.
• No pets.
• Dont come in and out of classroom.
• Lectures will be recorded and webcasted.

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Lecture 1

• OUTLINE
• Course overview
• Introduction integrated circuits
• Energy and Information
• Analog vs. digital signals
• Binary Representation
• Reading Hambley 1.1, 7.1-7.3 through p. 340

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IC Technology Advancement

• Moores Law of transistors/chip doubles
  every 1.5-2 years
• achieved through miniaturization

Technology Scaling
9
Moores Law in Detail
10
Moores Law in Detail (cont.)
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Benefit of Transistor Scaling
Generation
1.5µ
1.0µ
0.8µ
0.6µ
0.35µ
0.25µ
Intel386 DX Processor
Intel486 DX Processor
Pentium Processor
Pentium II Processor
12
Putting it in Scale
13
Learning Curve - Computer Chess
Fastest Computers of the Time (Floating Point
Operations Per Second)
3000
Grandmaster Level (Kasparov)
2800
2

Deep Thought
1997
2500
Chess Rating
1K

HITECH
Garry Kasparov vs. Deep Blue May, 1997
Number of People Rated Higher

Cray Blitz

Belle

Chess 4.9
100K
2000
Least-Squares Fit

KAISSA
10M
1500
H. Kogelnik, ECOC 2004
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
14
Computing Networking Bandwidth
10 each 5.5 years
10GbE
NIC Bandwidth (Mbps)
Sources Intel, DEC
Amdahls Law 1 MIPS networked computing power
requires 1 Mbps I/O bandwidth
H. Kogelnik, ECOC 2004
15
6,100 km
1988
H. Kogelnik, ECOC 2004
16
Installed Undersea Lightwave Systems gt 600 000
km of cable
Distance between earth and moon 0.4 Mkm
Adapted from Undersea Cable, KDD-SCS, 2000 Night
Sky Artificial Light Cinzano, Falchi, and
Elvidge, MN-RAS, 2001.
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Energy and Information

• Electrical circuits function to condition,
  manipulate, transmit, receive electrical power
  (energy) and/or information represented by
  electrical signals
• Energy System Examples
• electrical utility system, power supplies that
  interface battery to charger and cell
  phone/laptop circuitry, electric motor
  controller, etc.
• Information System Examples
• computer, cell phone, appliance controller, etc.

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Analog vs. Digital Signals

• Most (but not all) observables are analog
• think of analog vs. digital watches

but the most convenient way to represent
transmit information electronically is to use
digital signals think of telephony

• Analog-to-digital (A/D) digital-to-analog
  (D/A) conversion is essential (and nothing new)
• think of a piano keyboard

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Analog Signals

• may have direct relationship to information
  presented
• in simple cases, are waveforms of information vs.
  time
• in more complex cases, may have information
  modulated on a carrier, e.g. AM or FM radio

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Analog Signal Example Microphone Voltage
Voltage with normal piano key stroke
Voltage with soft pedal applied
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Digital Signal Representations

• Binary numbers can be used to represent any
  quantity.
• We generally have to agree on some sort of
  code, and the dynamic range of the signal in
  order to know the form and the number of binary
  digits (bits) required.
• Example 1 Voltage signal with maximum value 2
  Volts
• Binary two (10) could represent a 2 Volt signal.
• To encode the signal to an accuracy of 1 part in
  64 (1.5 precision), 6 binary digits (bits) are
  needed
• Example 2 Sine wave signal of known frequency
  and maximum amplitude 50 mV 1 mV resolution
  needed.

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Decimal Numbers Base 10

• Digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
• Example
• 3271 (3x103) (2x102) (7x101) (1x100)
• This is a four-digit number. The left hand most
  number (3 in this example) is often referred as
  the most significant number and the right most
  the least significant number (1 in this example).

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Numbers positional notation

• Number Base B ? B symbols per digit
• Base 10 (Decimal) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
• Base 2 (Binary) 0, 1
• Number representation
• d31d30 ... d1d0 is a 32 digit number
• value d31 ? B31 d30 ? B30 ... d1 ? B1
  d0 ? B0
• Binary 0,1 (In binary digits called bits)
• 11010 1?24 1?23 0?22 1?21 0?20
  16 8 2 26
• Here 5 digit binary turns into a 2 digit
  decimal

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Hexadecimal Numbers Base 16

• Hexadecimal 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B,
  C, D, E, F
• Normal digits 6 more from the alphabet
• Conversion Binary?Hex
• 1 hex digit represents 16 decimal values
• 4 binary digits represent 16 decimal values
• 1 hex digit replaces 4 binary digits

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Digital Signal Representations

• Binary numbers can be used to represent any
  quantity.
• We generally have to agree on some sort of
  code, and the dynamic range of the signal in
  order to know the form and the number of binary
  digits (bits) required.
• Example 1 Voltage signal with maximum value 2 V
  and minimum of 0 V.
• Binary two (10) could represent a 2 Volt signal.
• To encode the signal to an accuracy of 1 part in
  64 (1.5 precision), 6 binary digits (bits) are
  needed
• Example 2 Sine wave signal of known frequency
  and maximum amplitude 50 mV 1 mV resolution
  needed.

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Resolution

• The size of the smallest element that can be
  separated from neighboring elements. The term is
  used to describe imaging systems, the frequency
  separation achieved by spectrometers, and so on.

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Decimal-Binary Conversion

• Decimal to Binary
• Repeated Division By 2
• Consider the number 2671.
• Subtraction if you know your 2N values by
  heart.
• Binary to Decimal conversion
• 1100012 1x25 1x24 0x23 0x22 0x21 1x20
• 3210 1610 110
• 4910
• 4x101 9x100

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Example 2 (continued)
Possible digital representation for the sine wave
signal
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Why Digital?
(For example, why CDROM audio vs. vinyl
recordings?)

• Digital signals can be transmitted, received,
  amplified, and re-transmitted with far less
  degradation.
• Digital information is easily and inexpensively
  stored (in RAM, ROM, etc.), with arbitrary
  accuracy.
• Complex logical functions are easily expressed as
  binary functions (e.g. in control applications).
• Digital signals are easy to manipulate (as we
  shall see).

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Digital Representations of Logical Functions

• Digital signals offer an easy way to perform
  logical functions, using Boolean algebra.
• Variables have two possible values true or
  false
• usually represented by 1 and 0, respectively.
• All modern control systems use this approach.
• Example Hot tub controller with the following
  algorithm
• Turn on the heater if the temperature is less
  than desired (T lt Tset) and the motor is on and
  the key switch to activate the hot tub is closed.
  Suppose there is also a test switch which can
  be used to activate the heater.

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Hot Tub Controller Example

• Series-connected switches
• A thermostatic switch
• B relay, closed if motor is on
• C key switch
• Test switch T used to bypass switches A, B, and
  C
• Simple Schematic Diagram of Possible Circuit

Heater
110V
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Truth Table for Hot Tub Controller
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Notation for Logical Expressions

• Basic logical functions
• AND dot Example X AB
• OR sign Example Y AB
• NOT bar over symbol Example Z A
• Any logical expression can be constructed
• using these basic logical functions
• Additional logical functions
• Inverted AND NAND
• Inverted OR NOR
• Exclusive OR

The most frequently used logical functions are
implemented as electronic building blocks called
gates in integrated circuits
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Hot Tub Controller Example (contd)

• First define logical values
• closed switch true, i.e. boolean 1
• open switch false, i.e. boolean 0
• Logical Statement
• Heater is on (H 1) if A and B and C are 1,
  or if T is 1.
• Logical Expression
• H1 if (A and B and C are 1) or (T is 1)
• Boolean Expression
• H (A B C ) T

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Summary

• Attributes of digital electronic systems
• Ability to represent real quantities by coding
  information in digital form
• Ability to control a system by manipulation and
  evaluation of binary variables using Boolean
  algebra