HEATING expands the mind

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HEATINGexpands the mind

• EISCAT training course

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The past G. Marconi (1874 -1937) Nobel Prize 1909
There had to be a reflecting layer in order to
explain his trans-Atlantic radio wave connection.
Reflecting layer at 100-200 km altitude (the
ionosphere)
Radio Sender
Earth
Receiver
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The past N. Tesla (1856-1943)
Tesla developed high-frequency high-power
generators
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The past At the same time as Marconi, Tesla
wanted to transmit energy as well as information
using wireless radio waves. He built a
transmission tower for this pupose. However, his
work had little to do with modern ionospheric
research.
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The past Geometry of the Luxembourg effect
(Tellegen, 1933)
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EISCAT consists of much more than just radars. It
possesses the worlds largest high-frequency (HF)
ionospheric modifi-cation facility, called
HEATING or simply the HEATER. Built by the
Max-Planck-Society in the late 1970s, it passed
to EISCAT in 1993.
EISCAT mainland
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A geographic overview of the EISCAT radar,
HEATING SPEAR HF facilities and CUTLASS
coherent scatter radars
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The Heating facility at Tromsø
Control
Antenna 1
Transmitter
Antenna 2
Antenna 3
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Tromsø HEATING facility layout
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HEATER control house with EISCAT radars in the
background
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A single HEATING antenna
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An antenna array
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Transmitters during construction 6 of 12
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Coax
Only 50 km of home-made aluminium RF coaxial
transmission lines with mechanical switches
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Thermal expansion One of many detours
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2 Antennas give a broad beam
Beam forming
4 Antennas give a narrower beam with more power
in the forward direction and less power in
all other directions.
Effective Radiated Power Radiated power ?
Antenna gain At Heating 300 MW 1.1 MW ? 270
for low gain antennas 1.2 GW 1200 MW 1.1 MW ?
1100 for high gain antenna
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• 1970 Platteville, Colorado
• 1975 SURA (Nizhni Novgorod), Russia
• 1980 Arecibo (Puerto Rico),
• Tromsø (Norway), HIPAS (Alaska)
• 1995 HAARP (Alaska)
• 2003 SPEAR (Svalbard)

World overview
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A comparison
HEATING SPEAR HAARP (final) Power
(MW) 1.1 0.192 3.3 Antenna 24 and 30 16
22 30Gain (dB) ERP (MW) 300 1200 7.6
30 3600 Freq. (MHZ) 3.9-5.4 5.4-8 2-3 4-6
2.8-10 Polarisation O X O X O
X Beam only north-south any anySteering relati
vely slow fast fast Diagnostics KST ESR ?
CUTLASS CUTLASS KODIAK Dynasonde ? Digisonde
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The ionosphere
Fc 8.98sqrt(Ne) for O-mode Fc
8.98sqrt(Ne) 0.5Be/m for X-mode
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A comparison of frequency range and effective
radiated power of different facilities
1GW
100 MW
SPEAR
10 MW
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• Why do we need the HEATING facility?
• Why? HF facilities are the only true active
  experiments in the ionosphere because the plasma
  may be temporarily modified under user control.
• Operations 200 hours per year (1 year8760
  hours), mostly in user-defined campaign mode.
• Experiments can be divided into 2 groups
• Plasma physics investigations the ionosphere
  is used as a laboratory to study wave-plasma
  turbulence and instabilities.
• Geophysical investigations ionospheric,
  atmospheric or magnetospheric research
• is undertaken.

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The Incoherent Scatter Radar Spectra with Ion and
Plasma lines corresponding to ion-acoustic waves
and Langmuir waves
Langmuir turbulence, the parametric decay
instability e/m pump(?0 ,0) ? Langmuir(?0 -
?ia,-k) IonAcoustic(?ia ,k) Langmuir(?0 -
?ia,-k) ? Langmuir(?0 - 2?ia,k) IonAcoustic
(?ia,-2k) The component of the pump electric
field parallel to the Earth's magnetic field is
what matters.
Thermal resonance instability e/m pump
field-aligned electron density striation ?
electrostatic wave (UH) Upper hybrid (UH)
resonance condition ?02 ?p2 ?e2 The
component of the pump electric field
perpendicular to the Earth's magnetic field is
what matters.
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PLASMA TURBULENCE
12 Nov 2001 5.423 MHz ERP 830 MW O-mode
UHF ion line spectra
HF on
HF off
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PLASMA TURBULENCE
The UHF radar observes HF pump-induced plasma
turbulence 5.423 MHz ERP 1.1 GW O-mode
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PLASMA TURBULENCE
Z-mode penetration of the ionosphere
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HF pump-induced magnetic field-aligned electron
density irregularities (up to 5) causes
coherent radar reflections and anomalous
absorption (by scattering) of probing signals.
Striations
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HF induced F-region CUTLASS radar backscatter
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Striations
Amplitude of radio waves received from the
satellite
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Striations
After HF pump off, the irregularities decay
with time
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HF induced E-region STARE backscatter (144 MHz)
Tromsø
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Artificially raised electron temperatures 16
Feb 1999 4.04 MHz ERP 75 MW O-mode
?Heater on
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HF pump-induced artificial optical emissions 16
Feb 1999 4.04 MHz ERP 75 MW O-mode
1740 HF on
1744 HF off
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HEATER and UHF beam swinging
UHF zenith angle
7 Oct 1999 4.954 MHz ERP 100 MW O-mode
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ARTIFICIAL AURORA shifted onto magnetic field
line
Heater beam (vertical)
Spitze direction
Field aligned
21 Feb 1999 630 nm Start time 17.07.50 UT
Step480 sec 4.04 MHz ERP 75 MW O-mode
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SEE
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Stimulated Electromagnetic Emissions
are weak radio waves produced in the ionosphere
by HF pumping. They were originally discovered
at HEATING.
HF transmit frequency
Gyroharmonic ? 1.38 MHz in F-layer
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GYRO-HARMONIC
Special effects appear for HF frequencies close
to an electron gyro-harmonic. (1.38 MHz in
F-layer)
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GYROHARMONIC
3 Nov 2000 ERP 70 MW O-mode
UHF
Cutlass
Artificial aurora 630 nm
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VHF
PMSE
Artificial HF modulation of Polar Mesospheric
Summer Echoes. VHF backscatter power reduces by
gt40 dB. 10 July 1999 5.423 MHz ERP 630
MW X-mode
HF off
HF on
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Satellite in the magnetosphere
ULF ELF VLF waves
Ionosphere
DC current
Conductivity modulation causes electrojet
modulation, which acts as a huge natural antenna
100 km altitude 30 km diameter
superimposed ac current
0.001-1 W ULF/ELF/VLF waves are radiated from
the ionosphere
Heating Tx 0.2-1 GW HF waveis amplitude
modulated and radiated
VLF receiver
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Very Low Frequency waves (kHz)
Natural (lightning) and artificial (HEATING)
ducted VLF waves resonate with trapped particles
in the magnetosphere causing pitch angle
scattering and precipitation.
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Ultra Low Frequency waves (3 Hz)
Field line tagging
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Artificial Periodic Irregularities (API)
The API technique was discovered at SURA and
allows any HF pump and ionosonde to probe the
ionosphere. API are formed by a standing wave due
to interference between the upward radiated wave
and its own reflection from the
ionosphere. Measured parameters include N(n),
N(e), N(O-), vertical V(i), T(n), T(i) T(e)
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Further information
EISCAT/HEATING www.eiscat.uit.no/heater.html HAARP
www.haarp.alaska.edu HIPAS www.hipas.alaska.edu
ARECIBO www.naic.edu SURA www.nirfi.sci-nnov.
ru/english/index2e.html SPEAR www.ion.le.ac.uk/sp
ear/