Gerda Kuschel

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Everything you ever wanted to know about vehicle
emissions regulations

• Gerda Kuschel
• LeasePlan Fleet Forums
• 16 23 September 2008
• but were afraid to ask!

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Key National Statistics

• close to world leaders in vehicle ownership
  currently ranked 4th with 620 cars per 1000
  people
• air quality health issuesone of the highest
  asthma rates, exceedances of AQ standards
• tracking above Kyoto Protocol targetsroad
  transport emissions in 2007 were 76 over 1990
  (41 of all 2007 CO2e)
• trends of larger engines more diesels

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Pathways for Vehicle Emissions

• motor vehicles contaminate the environment via a
  number of pathways

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Auckland Effects of Vehicle PM10

• 250 premature deathsevery year from PM10emitted
  by motor vehicles
• 435,000 restricted activity days

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Health Risk Comparison

• If the population of Auckland 10,000 people
• 1 death per yr from passive smoking
• 1 death per yr from car accidents
• 2 deaths per yr from vehicle emissions
• 1,300 people would have asthma
• 3,300 people with a restricted activity day

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Current Reduction Targets for Auckland

• To meet PM10 National Environmental Standardby
  2013

To meet CO2 Kyoto Protocol Obligationby 2012
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Regulation
Effective Management of Vehicle
EmissionsRequires a Holistic Approach
These principles can apply to AQ, GHG, or SW
issues
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Urban Myth 1Hasnt NZ got the dirtiest fuel in
the world?
Not any more!
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Clean Fuels Milestones
1996 - Banning lead in petrol (MED)
allowing catalytic converter technology 2002 -
Reducing sulphur in diesel to 1000ppm (ARC, Oil
Cos) improving existing
emissions 2004 - Reducing sulphur, benzene to
500ppm 3wt (MED) further improving
existing emissions, setting E10
specification 2005 - Developing biodiesel
standard (EECA, Standards NZ)
allowing retail of Bx blends up to 100 2006 -
Reducing sulphur, benzene to 50ppm 1wt (MED)
allowing Euro 4 diesel, Euro 3 petrol
vehicle technology 2006 - Trialling biodiesel in
buses (ARC, CCC, EECA, MoT others)
validating vehicle operability, testing emissions
benefits
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Clean Fuels Milestones
2008 - Reducing sulphur in petrol to 50ppm (MED)
allowing Euro 4 petrol vehicle
technology
2008 - Biofuels Sales Obligations Targets (MED)
0.5 by end 2008 rising to 2.50 by end
2012? 2009 - Reducing sulphur in diesel to 10ppm
(MED) allowing Euro 5 diesel vehicle
technology 2009 - Reviewing sulphur in petrol to
10ppm? (MED) setting date for allowing
Euro 5 petrol vehicle technology
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Urban Myth 2Hasnt NZ got the dirtiest fleet
in the world?
Its much better than it was!
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Clean Technology Milestones
1990 - Easing Trade Restrictions (MED?)
allowing significant numbers of used imports
from Japan 2002 - Frontal Impact 2001 Rule (MoT,
LTNZ) restricting age of used imports
(excl. SUVs) to 1996 2004 - Vehicle Exhaust
Emissions 2003 Rule (MoT, LTNZ)
requiring all new imports to meet Euro 2
standards 2006 - Vehicle Exhaust Emissions 2003
Rule (MoT, LTNZ) requiring new petrol
imports to meet Euro 3 standards 2007 - Vehicle
Exhaust Emissions 2003 Rule (MoT, LTNZ)
requiring new diesel imports to meet Euro 4
standards
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Clean Technology Milestones
2008 - Vehicle Exhaust Emissions 2007 Rule (MoT,
LTNZ) requiring used imports to meet Euro 2
(petrol) or Euro 4 (diesel)
2009 - Vehicle Exhaust Emissions 2007 Rule (MoT,
LTNZ) requiring used petrol imports
to meet Euro 3 standards 2010 - Fuel Consumption
Standards? (MoT, LTNZ) requiring
average or minimum stds for vehicles entering
fleet to achieve a 25 improvement
by 2015 (target 170g CO2/km)
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Urban Myth 3Arent NZers bad at maintaining
their cars?
For the same vehicle technology no!
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Maintenance Milestones
2000 - 0800 SMOKEY Campaign (ARC)
raising awareness, motivating community into
action 2001 - 10 Second Rule for Excessive Smoke
(MoT, LTNZ) targeting on-road
gross-emitters (mainly diesels) 2003 - 1st
On-Road Testing Campaign (ARC, NIWA)
10 of vehicles responsible for 50 of
emissions 2005 - 2nd On-Road Tune Your Car
Campaign (ARC, Transit, NIWA) giving
motorists feedback on their emissions 2006 - 5
Second Rule for Visible Smoke at WOF (MoT)
targeting in-service gross-emitters
(mainly diesels)
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Maintenance Milestones
2008 - Vehicle Exhaust Emissions 2007 Rule (MoT,
LTNZ) banning the removal of
catalytic converters
2009 - In-service Emissions Screening (MoT, ARTA,
ARC) investigating emissions testing
of high VKT vehicles e.g. HDDs
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Urban Myth 4Wont rising oil prices manage
car use?
Up to a point but not the whole answer!
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Traffic and Demand Milestones
2001 - School Travel Initiatives (NSCC, ARC,
various schools) early days of walking
school buses school travel plans 2002 - NZ
Transport Strategy (MoT) recognising
human health environmental sustainability 2005
- Regional Land Transport Strategy (ARC, ECan,
others) setting and evaluating
health environmental policies 2006 -
Sustainable Travel Progress (ARTA, stakeholders)
100 schools with Travel Plans at end
June 2006 3,000 children at 87
schools part of 180 Walking School Buses
55,000 people at 20 tertiary/workplaces with
Travel Plans 2006 - Ramp Metering installation
in Akl starts (Transit) improving
efficiency or capacity during peak by 15
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Traffic and Demand Milestones
2008 - Ramp Metering installation in Akl finishes
(Transit) improving efficiency or
capacity during peak by 15 2008 - Sustainable
Travel Progress (ARTA, stakeholders)
extending the program to more workplaces,
schools, communities 2008 - Updated NZ Transport
Strategy (MoT) overall target to halve
per capita 2007 CO2 emissions by 2040
2008 - Regional Land Transport Strategy (ARC,
others) increasing emphasis on
environmental sustainability 2009 - Regional
Fuel Tax (ARC plus other RCs)
charging 1-5c per litre to pay for extra public
transport 2011 - Emissions Trading Scheme
(Treasury) charging 6-12c per litre
to pay for Kyoto obligations (25-50/t)
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Most likely YES to meet AucklandAir Quality
targets by 2013
Will these regulations etc. be enough?
Most likely NO to meet AucklandGreenhouse
targets by 2012but
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Thank You!