Geant4 Hadronic Physics: Parametrised and Theoretical Models

1
Geant4 Hadronic Physics Parametrised and
Theoretical Models

• http//cern.ch/geant4
• The full set of lecture notes of this Geant4
  Course is available at
• http//www.ge.infn.it/geant4/events/nss2004/geant4
  course.html

2
Acnowledgements

• These slides are based on Dennis Wright IEEE 2003
  Geant4 lecture notes
• Dennis Wright, Hadronic Physics in Geant4,
  http//conferences.fnal.gov/g4tutorial/g4cd/Slides
  /IEEE/hadronicPhys.pdf

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Additional reading (1/2)

• My modifications and additions to Dennis slides
  are based on following documents
• Geant4 Collaboration, Geant4a simulation
  toolkit, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 506 (2003)
  250303
• Geant4 Physics Reference Manual
• Geant4 Users Guide For Application Developers
• J.P. Wellisch, Hadronic shower models in
  GEANT4the frameworks, Comput. Phys. Commun. 140
  (2001) 6575
• A. Heikkinen and N. Stepanov, Bertini
  intra-nuclear cascade implementation in Geant4,
  ePrint nucl-th/0306008

4
Additional reading (2/2)

• V. Ivanchenko, Geant4 physics potential for
  instrumentation in space and medicine, Nucl.
  Instr. and Meth. A 525 (2004) 402405
• V. Ivanchenko et. al., The Geant4 Hadronic
  Verification Suite for the Cascade Energy Range,
  arXivphysics/0306016
• J. Beringer, Physics validation of detector
  simulation tools for LHC, (to be published in
  Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A)

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Outline

• Processes and hadronic physics
• Hadronic cross sections
• Parametrised models
• Theoretical models
• Model framework
• Physics lists
• Code examples
• Physics validation against experimental data

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Hadronic physics challenge

• Even though there is an underlying theory (QCD),
  applying it is much more difficult than applying
  QED for EM physics
• We must deal with at least three energy regimes
• Chiral perturbation theory (lt 100 MeV)
• Resonance and cascade region (100 MeV 20 GeV)
• QCD strings (gt 20 GeV)
• Within each regime there are several models
• Many of these are phenomenological

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The Geant4 philosophy of hadronics (1/2)

• Provide a general model framework that allows
  implementation of processes and models at many
  levels
• Separate models and processes in framework
• Hadronic models and cross sections implement
  processes
• Provide processes containing
• Many possible models and cross sections
• Default cross sections for each model

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The Geant4 philosophy of hadronics (2/2)

• Provide several optional models and cross section
  sets in each region
• Let the user decide which physics is best
• Complex task is handled with physics lists
• Educated guess physics lists are provided by
  use-case
• Validate new models against latest data
• Extensive and systematic validation program

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Geant4 process

• A process uses cross sections to decide when and
  where an interaction will occur
• GetPhysicalInteractionLength()
• A process uses an interaction model to generate
  the final state
• DoIt()
• Three types of process
• AtRest
• AlongStep
• PostStep
• Each particle has its own process manager
• Each process has a set of models coordinated with
  energy range manager

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Hadronic process

• At rest
• Stopped muon, pion, kaon, anti-proton
• Radioactive decay
• Elastic
• Same process for all long-lived hadrons
• Inelastic
• Different process for each hadron
• Photo-nuclear
• Electro-nuclear
• Capture
• Pion- and kaon- in flight
• Fission

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Cross sections

• Default cross section sets are provided for each
  type of hadronic process
• Fission, capture, elastic, inelastic
• Can be overridden or completely replaced
• Different types of cross section sets
• Some contain only a few numbers to parameterize
  cross section
• Some represent large databases (data driven
  models)
• Cross Section Management
• GetCrossSection() sees last set loaded for energy
  range

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Alternative cross sections

• Low energy neutrons
• G4NDL available as Geant4 distribution data files
• Available with or without thermal cross sections
• Neutron and proton reaction cross sections
• 20 MeV lt E lt 20 GeV
• Ion-nucleus reaction cross sections
• Good for E/A lt 1 GeV
• Isotope production data
• E lt 100 MeV

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Different types of hadronic shower models

• Data driven models
• Parametrisation driven models
• Theory driven models

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Models in hadronic framework
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Data driven models (1/2)

• Characterized by lots of data
• Cross section
• Angular distribution
• Multiplicity
• To get interaction length and final state, models
  simply interpolate data
• Usually linear interpolation of cross section,
  and Legendre polynomials
• Examples
• Coherent elastic scattering (pp, np, nn)
• Radioactive decay
• Neutrons (E lt 20 MeV)

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Data driven models (2/2)

• Transport of low energy neutrons in matter
• The energy coverage of these models is from
  thermal energies to 20 MeV
• The modeling is based on the data formats of
  ENDF/B-VI, and all distributions of this standard
  data format are implemented
• The data sets used are selected from data
  libraries that conform to these standard formats
• The file system is used in order to allow
  granular access to, and flexibility in, the use
  of the cross-sections for different isotopes, and
  channels
• Code in sub-directory /source/processes/hadronic/
  models/neutron_hp

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Parametrisation driven models (1/2)

• Depends on both data and theory
• Enough data to parameterize cross sections,
  multiplicities, angular distributions
• Final states determined by theory, sampling
• Use conservation laws to get charge, energy, etc.
  
• Examples
• Fission
• Capture
• LEP, GEISHA based HEP models

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Parametrisation driven models (2/2)

• Based on GHEISHA package of Geant3.21, two sets
  of models exist for inelastic scattering of
  particles in flight
• Low energy models
• E lt 20 GeV
• /hadronic/models/low_energy
• High energy models
• 20 GeV lt E lt O(TeV)
• /hadronic/models/high_energy
• Original approach to primary interaction, nuclear
  excitation, intra-nuclear cascade and evaporation
  is kept
• Fission, capture and coherent elastic scattering
  are also modeled through parametrised models

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Theory driven models (1/2)

• Dominated by theory (QCD, strings, chiral
  perturbation theory)
• Data used mainly for normalization and validation
  
• Final states determined by sampling theoretical
  distributions
• Philosophy implies the usage physics lists,
  providing wanted collection of models, such as
• Parton string models at high energies, of
  intra-nuclear transport models at intermediate
  energies, and of statistical break-up models for
  de-excitation

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Theory driven models (2/2)

• Parton string
• Projectiles with E gt 5 GeV
• /hadronic/models/parton_string
• Chiral invariant phase space, CHIPS
• All energies
• Quark-level event generator for the fragmentation
  of hadronic systems into hadrons
• Interactions between hadrons are treated as
  purely kinematic effects of quark exchange
• Decay of excited hadronic systems is treated as
  the fusion of two quark-partons within the system
• Includes nonrelativistic phase space of nucleons
  to explain evaporation
• /hadronic/models/chiral_inv_phase_space
• Nuclear de-excitation and breakup

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Bertini intra-nuclear cascade (1/2)

• Collection of theory driven models with
  parametrisation features
• /hadronic/models/cascade
• Intermediate energies 100 keV 10MeV
• Models included
• Bertini INC model with exitons
• Pre-equilibrium model
• Nucleus explosion model
• Fission model
• Evaporation model

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Bertini intra-nuclear cascade (2/2)

• For Agt4 a nuclei model is composed of three
  concentric spheres
• Impulse distribution in each region follows Fermi
  distribution with zero temperature
• Particle treated p,n, pions, photon evaporation
  and nuclear isotope remnats
• Latest addition include incident kaons up to an
  energy of 15 GeV
• Final states, will be included for K, K-, K0,
  K0bar, lambda, sigma, sigma0, sigma-, xi0 and xi-

Schematic presentation of the intra-nuclear
cascade. A hadron with 400 MeV energy is forming
an INC history. Crosses present the Pauli
exclusion principle in action.
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Hadronic model inventory
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Physics Lists putting physics into your
simulation

• User must implement a physics list
• Derive a class from G4VUserPhysicsList
• Define the particles required
• Register models and cross sections with processes
  
• Register processes with particles
• Set secondary production cuts
• In main(), register your physics list with the
  Run Manager
• Care is required
• Multiple models, cross sections allowed per
  process
• No single model covers all energies, or all
  particles
• Choice of model is heavily dependent on physics
  studied

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Physics lists by use case

• Geant4 recommendation
• Use example physics lists
• Go to Geant4 home page gt Site Index gt physics
  lists
• Many hadronic physics lists available including
• Low and high energy nucleon penetration shielding
  
• Low energy dosimetric applications
• Medical neutron applications
• Low background experiments (underground)

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Code Example (1/2)

• void MyPhysicsListConstructProton()
• G4ParticleDefinition proton
  G4ProtonProtonDefinition()
• G4ProcessManager protonProcessManager
• 
  proton-gtGetProcessManager()
• // Elastic scattering
• G4HadronElasticProcess protonElasticProcess
  
• 
  new G4HadronElasticProcess()
• G4LElastic protonElasticModel new
  G4LElastic()
• protonElasticProcess-gtRegisterMe(protonElastic
  Model)
• protonProcessManager-gtAddDiscreteProcess(proto
  nElasticProcess)
• ...

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Code example (2/2)

• ...
• // Inelastic scattering
• G4ProtonInelasticProcess protonInelasticProcess
  
  new G4ProtonInelasticProcess()
• G4LEProtonInelastic protonLowEnergyInelasticModel
  
• 
  new G4LEProtonInelastic()
• protonLowEnergyInelasticModel-gtSetMaxEnergy(20.0G
  eV)
• protonInelasticProcess-gtRegisterMe(protonLowEnergy
  InelasticModel)
• G4HEProtonInelasticprotonHighEnergyInelasticModel
  
• 
  new G4HEProtonInelastic()
• protonHighEnergyInelasticModel-gtSetMinEnergy(20.0
  GeV)
• protonInelasticProcess-gtRegisterMe(protonHighEnerg
  yInelasticModel)

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Gean3.21 based Geant4 LEP model pion production
from 730 MeV proton on Carbon
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Bertini cascade model pion production from 730
MeV proton on Carbon
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Bertini cascade model nuclei fragmet production
from 170 MeV proton on Uranium
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Double differential cross-section for neutrons
produced by 256 MeV protons.
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Comparison of differential pion yields for
positive and negative pions in pion Magnesium
reactions at 320 GeV lab momentum. The dots are
data and the open circles are Monte Carlo
predictions by G4QGSModel.
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Geant4 simulation of gammas from 14 MeV neutron
capture on uranium.
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Conclusion

• Geant4 provides a large number of hadronic
  physics models for use in simulation
• Cross sections, either calculated or from
  databases, are available to be assigned to
  processes
• Interactions are implemented by models which are
  then assigned to processes.
• For hadrons there are many models to choose from,
  so physics lists are provided by use-case