CELLULAR RESPIRATION

1

• CELLULAR RESPIRATION

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LAB this week

• Several choices, 1st choice recommended because
  its like a big question on the final exam.
• See Lab 12 web page.
• Due by end of lab period (4 pm Thursday)
• You dont have to do the work in the lab
• But no help except during lab hours.

3
Help session

• 3 pm Thursday
• cellular respiration (assignments for Monday
  Wednesday)

4
Weather problems?

• Bad Weather Hotline [phone] and main
  university webpage www.queens.edu
• lab communicate by email. If campus email is
  down, deadline extended till Monday noon.
• Classes cancelled? Study chapter 52 on your
  own.

5
Figure 6.16
METABOLIC PATHWAYS INTERACT
6
most important concept

• ATP
• How does the cell transfer energy from food
  molecules to ATP?

7
Figure 6.1a
ATP consists of adenine, ribose, and three
phosphate groups.
Adenine
Adenine
Phosphate groups
Ribose
Ribose
8
Figure 6.1b
Energy is released when ATP is hydrolyzed.
H2O



7.3 kcal/mol ATP
P
P
P
P
P
Pi
ADP
ATP
Energy
Water
Inorganic phosphate
9
Most Important Concept

• Cellular respiration is for restoring the ATP
  which has been exploded in energy-requiring
  processeslike
• active transport
• motion of cilia, protein motors, muscle
• synthesis.

10
GOAL 8 facts to know

• Listed on web help page, too
• plus some understanding of metabolism in
  general,like what this diagram means

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Fact 1

• Glucose is the initial reactant.
• Its carbons all eventually end up in CO2 -
  C6H12O6 6O2 ---gt 6H2O 6CO2

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Figure 6.3
GLYCOLYSIS
KREBS CYCLE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
NADH
NADH
NADH
FADH2
Electron transport chain...
Krebs Cycle
CO2
Glucose
Pyruvate
H2O
CO2
ATP
ATP
ATP
Electron transport chain establishes proton
gradient. Oxidative phosphorylation uses proton
gradient to produce ATP.
13
Fact 2

• NADH (and another coenzyme, FADH2) transfer the
  electrons and hydrogen released from glucose.

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Figure 6.2
NADH (electron carrier)
Reduction
Oxidation
15
Figure 6.3
GLYCOLYSIS
KREBS CYCLE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
NADH
NADH
NADH
FADH2
Electron transport chain...
Krebs Cycle
CO2
Glucose
Pyruvate
H2O
CO2
ATP
ATP
ATP
Electron transport chain establishes proton
gradient. Oxidative phosphorylation uses proton
gradient to produce ATP.
16
Fact 3

• GLYCOLYSIS is a series of reactions oxidizing
  glucose to pyruvate (pyruvic acid). C6H12O6
  -gt-gt-gt 2 C3H4O3

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Fact 3 review

• GLYCOLYSIS
• C6H12O6 -gt-gt-gt 2 C3H4O3
• Oxidation / reduction gt electrons moving (via H
  transfer in these reactions) What moves the
  electrons?
• Glucose is an aldose sugar (CHO) pyruvate is a
  carboxylic acid (COOH) do you remember which has
  more energy?

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Figure 6.4, left
THE GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAY
1
2
3
4
5
ATP
ATP
ADP
ADP
FRUCTOSE
GLUCOSE
FRUCTOSE
GLUCOSE
6-PHOSPHATE
6-PHOSPHATE
1,6--BISPHOSPHATE
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ANIMATION http//wsrv.clas.virginia.edu/rjh9u/gl
ycol.html
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Fact 4

• pyruvate (PYRUVIC ACID) C3H4O3 is oxidized and
  then combined with another acid to form citric
  acid (citrate)
• (C6H8O7)

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Figure 6.6c
Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, which reacts
with oxaloacetate to begin the Krebs cycle.
NADH
Coenzyme A
NAD
Oxaloacetate
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Citrate
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Fact 5

• KREBS CYCLE (also called the citric acid cycle)
  is a series of reactions oxidizing organic acids
  to CO2

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Figure 6.6b
Krebs proposed that the reactions occur in a
cycle.
NADH
NAD
NAD
NADH
Isocitrate
?Ketoglutarate
Citrate
Succinyl CoA
KREBS CYCLE
ADP
GDP
GTP
Pyruvate
ATP
Oxaloacetate
Succinate
FAD
NADH
NAD
FADH2
Fumarate
Malate
H2O
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Animation http//wsrv.clas.virginia.edu/rjh9u/kre
bs.html
25
Figure 6.9
SUMMARY OF GLUCOSE OXIDATION
6 NADH
2 NADH
2 NADH
2 FADH2
4 CO2
Glucose
Krebs cycle
2 Pyruvate
2 Acetyl CoA
2 CO2
2 ATP
2 ATP
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
26
Figure 6.16
METABOLIC PATHWAYS INTERACT
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Fact 6

• The most important function of glycolysis and the
  Krebs cycle is to reduce coenzymes (NADH and
  FADH2), and they also produce a little ATP.
• (But most ATP is produced during ....

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• (But most ATP is produced during ....

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Fact 7

• ET-OxPhos Electron Transport (respiratory
  chain) with oxidative phosphorylation is the
  only phase which uses O2 .
• ET-OxPhos produces the most important product....
  

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Fact 8

• ATP
• The energy to make ATP involves combining O2 with
  electrons and protons to make H2O. Where does
  ET-OxPhos get its electrons and protons?

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Figure 6.14
SUMMARY OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Electron transport chain
Electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
6 NADH
2 NADH
2 NADH
2 FADH2
O2
H2O
34 ADP
4 CO2
Glucose
Krebs cycle
2 Acetyl CoA
2 Pyruvate
2 CO2
2 ATP
2 ATP
34 ATP
Maximum yield of ATP per molecule of glucose
Maximum yield of ATP per molecule of glucose
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Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion
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most important concept

• ATP
• How does the cell transfer energy from food
  molecules to ATP?

33
Figure 6.3
GLYCOLYSIS
KREBS CYCLE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
NADH
NADH
NADH
FADH2
Electron transport chain...
Krebs Cycle
CO2
Glucose
Pyruvate
H2O
CO2
ATP
ATP
ATP
Electron transport chain establishes proton
gradient. Oxidative phosphorylation uses proton
gradient to produce ATP.
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Figure 6.10
NADH
53
FADH2
50
FeS
40
FMN
FeS
Q
Cyt b
30
FeS
Cyt c
Free energy relative to O2 (kcal/mol)
Cyt c
Cyt a
20
Cyt a3
10
O2
1/2
0
Reduction-oxidation reactions
35
Figure 6.12
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
Inter- membrane space
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Complex l
Inner membrane
Q
Cyt c
Complex lll
Q
Complex ll
FAD
Complex lV
NADH
H
H
FADH2
Mito- chondrial matrix
NAD
H
2e- 2H 1/2 O2
H2O
36
2 views of same concept

• Energy level of
  electronsNADHwater

Physical location
37
ETS animation http//www.sp.uconn.edu/terry/image
s/anim/ETS.html
38
ETS animation http//www.sp.uconn.edu/terry/image
s/anim/ETS.html
39
ETS animation http//www.sp.uconn.edu/terry/image
s/anim/ETS.html
40
Figure 6.13c
THE STRUCTURE OF ATP SYNTHASE
H
H
H
Intermembrane space
H
H
FO unit
Mitochondrial matrix
Rod
H
F1 unit
ADP Pi
ATP
41
ATP-synthase from http//rsb.info.nih.gov/NeuroChe
m/biomach/ATPsyn.html
42
Figure 6.3
GLYCOLYSIS
KREBS CYCLE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
NADH
NADH
NADH
FADH2
Electron transport chain...
Krebs Cycle
CO2
Glucose
Pyruvate
H2O
CO2
ATP
ATP
ATP
Electron transport chain establishes proton
gradient. Oxidative phosphorylation uses proton
gradient to produce ATP.
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Figure 6.16
METABOLIC PATHWAYS INTERACT
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CONTROL of METABOLISM

• 1. Availability of oxygen and NAD
• 2. Excess ATP
• 3. Availability of
• carbs (1st choice)
• amino acids (proteins are always being rebuilt)
• fatty acids (last choice in most cells)

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Figure 6.15a
FERMENTATION PATHWAYS ALLOWS CELLS TO REGENERATE
NAD FOR GLYCOLSIS
Intermediate accepts electrons from NADH
Fermentation by-product
2 NAD
2 NADH
Glucose
2 Pyruvate
2 ADP
2 ATP
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Figure 6.15b
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION OCCURS IN HUMANS
No intermediate Pyruvate accepts electrons from
NADH
2 NAD
2 Lactate
2 NADH
Glucose
2 ATP
2 Pyruvate
2 ADP
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Figure 6.15c
ALCOHOL FERMENTATION OCCURS IN YEAST
2 CO2
2 Ethanol
2 Acetylaldehyde
2 NADH
2 NAD
Glucose
2 ATP
2 Pyruvate
2 ADP
48
(No Transcript)
49
Figure 6.17
PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES AND FATS CAN ALL FURNISH
SUBSTRATES FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Fatty acids
Fats
Glycerol
Carbs
Acetyl CoA
Sugars
Glucose
Pyruvate
Proteins
Amino acids
NH3
50
Figure 6.18
Intermediates in Carbohydrate Metabolism Can Be
Drawn Off a Synthesize Cell Components
Pathway for synthesis of RNA, DNA
Phospholipids
Fats
Fatty acids
Several intermediaries used as substrates in
amino acid synthesis
Glycogen or starch
Glucose
Pruvate
Acetyl CoA
Krebs cycle
Lactate (from fermentation)
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Figure 6.7a
Two of the early reactions are regulated.
Citrate
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Oxaloacetate
52
Figure 6.7b
What is product inhibition?
X
Inter- mediate
Inter- mediate
Start of pathway
Product
Enzyme 1
Enzyme 3
Enzyme 2
Presence of product inhibits enzyme 1
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Figure 6.5a
One subunit
ATP at active site
Fructose 1,6--bisphosphate
ATP at regulatory site
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CONTROL of METABOLISM

• 1. Availability of oxygen and NAD
• 2. Excess ATP
• 3. Availability of
• carbs (1st choice)
• amino acids (proteins are always being rebuilt)
• fatty acids (last choice in most cells)
• 4. Extra energy makes fatty acids

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Figure 6.8
Outer membrane
Intermembrane space
Inner membrane
Matrix
424 nm
424 nm
Cristae
56
Figure 6.13c
THE STRUCTURE OF ATP SYNTHASE
H
H
H
Intermembrane space
H
H
FO unit
Mitochondrial matrix
Rod
H
F1 unit
ADP Pi
ATP
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Figure 3.11a
Interactions that determine the tertiary
structure of proteins
H
O
C
N
Hydrogen bond between peptide groups
O
H3C
CH3
(CH2)4
CH2CH
NH3
CHCH2
O
CCCH2
H3C
CH3
OH
CH2
O
C
Ionic bond
Hydrogen bond between side chain and peptide group
Hydrophobic interaction
O
H
CH2
OH
CH2C
N
CH2
CH2
S
S
H
Disulfide bond
Hydrogen bond between two side chains
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Figure 3.13
A
B
C
Transition state
Ea without enzyme
Potential energy
Ea with enzyme
A BC
Reactants
AB C
Products
Time
59
Figure 6.8b
Outer membrane
Intermembrane space
Inner membrane
Matrix
424 nm
424 nm
Cristae
60
most important concept

• ATP
• How does the cell transfer energy from food
  molecules to ATP?

61
Figure 6.3
GLYCOLYSIS
KREBS CYCLE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
NADH
NADH
NADH
FADH2
Electron transport chain...
Krebs Cycle
CO2
Glucose
Pyruvate
H2O
CO2
ATP
ATP
ATP
Electron transport chain establishes proton
gradient. Oxidative phosphorylation uses proton
gradient to produce ATP.
62
Figure 6.16
METABOLIC PATHWAYS INTERACT