National High Magnetic Field Laboratory

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National High Magnetic Field
Laboratory
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Versatility of Magnetic Fields one mans
opinionan educated caveman
Quantum Matter Addressing our limited
understanding of strongly interacting quantum
systems Complex Fluids Studying nature as it
presents itself.messy Structure, Dynamics and
Function Exploiting Magnetic Resonance to
study macromolecule dynamicsto membrane
functionto entire brains Materials Science
Element-specific nuclear and electron spins to
understand specific element environments in
organometallics, catalysts, photosynthesis Taking
the Magnets to the Neutrons. Taking the
Magnets to the X-rays. Bringing the Terahertz to
the Magnets. A proposed THz-to-IR Free
Electron Laser Light Source at the National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory
www.nap.edu
Greg Boebinger
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A Bit of the History of Magnetism
2000 years ago Humans already know about
natural lodestones 1100s
Chinese used lodestones as a navigational tool
Scientific clothingEarth as magnet
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So Lets Make the Strongest Magnets in the World
Permanent Magnets 0.4 gauss
Earths Magnetic Field 600 gauss
Iron-Oxide Magnets (refrigerator magnets)
4,000 gauss Neodymium-Iron-Boron (rare earth
magnets)
--- This is near the limit for permanent magnets
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Permanent Magnets Only Get You So Far
Permanent Magnets 0.4 gauss
Earths Magnetic Field 600 gauss
Iron-Oxide Magnets (refrigerator magnets)
4,000 gauss Neodymium-Iron-Boron (rare earth
magnets)
--- This is near the limit for permanent magnets
Electromagnets 450,000 gauss Hybrid
DC Magnet (NHMFL-Tallahassee) 900,000
gauss Pulsed Magnet (NHMFL-Los Alamos)
--- cooling problems (the wire heats up)
(magnets operate for hours) --- ignore the
cooling problem (pulse for less than a
second)
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Challenges in Producing Pulsed Magnetic Fields
Pressure Under Water 12 feet
Ears 6 pounds per square inch
2000 feet Submarine
1000 psi 12,000 feet Ocean Floor
6000 psi
Pressure inside NHMFL Pulsed Magnets 800,000
gauss Pulsed Magnet 200,000
psi (which equals 1.4GPa or 130
kg per square millimeter) (which is more
pressure than most materials can handle)
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HIGHER STRENGTH MATERIALS lead directly
to HIGHER MAGNETIC FIELDS
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What can you do with 1,400,000,000 Watts ?
You can power Los Angeles
You can go
or you can pulse one magnet
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Pulse 915July 28,2000
91500 am
five tons of debris
When we are ready to pulse the magnet... All
personnel evacuate the building The generator
is spun up to 1800 rpm The switch is thrown
The generator spins down in a second The
magnet pulses to 600,000 gauss
and sometimes things go a bit worng
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Pulse 915July 28,2000
91500 am
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Until You Spread Your Wings, Youll Have No Idea
How Far You Can Walk.

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So We Also Design, Build and Use World Record
Superconducting Magnets for the REALLY fancy
stuff
Superconducting Magnets for Physics, Chemistry,
and Biology
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We Also Make the Most Powerful DC Magnets in
the World for the more delicate experiments
1999 45T DC Hybrid Magnet (world record)
2003 35T DC Resistive Magnet (world
record)
Resistive and Hybrid Magnets stay turned on for
many hours for Physics, Chemistry, and
Biology Experiments
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We Make the Most Powerful Magnets in the
World without blowing stuff up ...(except
sometimes accidentally)
2009 - 100T Multi-shot Pulsed Magnet
2007 89T Short-Pulse Magnet (shared
world record)
1998 60T Controlled-Pulse Magnet (world
record) (rebuilt in 2008)
Pulsed Magnets stay on for less than one
second pretty much useful only for
Physics Experiments
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Versatility of Magnetic Fields one mans opinion
www.nap.edu
Quantum Matter Putting metals on
teeter-totters Scotch-tape-induced
relativity Materials research Saving lives
for more than 2000 years
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State-of-the-Art Fermi Surface Studies quantum
oscillations in pulsed magnetic fields
Intense magnetic fields exponentially amplify
quantum oscillations.
dHvA in YBCO Ortho-II Doiron-Leyraud, et al
Nature 450 533 (2007)
Pulsed magnetic fields have enabled quantum
oscillation experiments in ? high-temperature
superconductors ? heavily
disordered metals and alloy series ? compounds
with heavy electron masses, and ? at
temperatures up to 100 K
Quantum oscillationstheyre not just for ground
states anymore
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State-of-the-Art Fermi Surface Studies Tilting
low-dimensional metallic samples in a constant
magnetic field
Hussey et al, Nature (2003) Full
Three-Dimensional Mapping of the Fermi Surface
in a High-Tc Superconductor Tl2Ba2CuO6d (Tc
20K)
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Natures (and Sciences) latest Low-Dimensional
Electron System
In 45T Magnetic Fields
Energy
Novel Series of Quantum Hall Plateaus and
Room-Temperature Quantum Hall Plateau
Momentum
Single-layer Graphene Linear dispersion
Tune density with Gate Voltage
Novoselov, et al. Science (2004) Zhang et
al. Nature (2005) Novoselov, et al. Nature (2005)
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2500 Years of Materials Research on
BaCuSi2O6 Chinese Terracotta Warriors (479-221 BC)
Calcite - CaCO3 Bone White - Ca5(CO3)2(OH)2 White
Lead 2Pb(CO3)2Pb(OH)2
Soot - carbon black
Han Purple - BaCuSi2O6
Han Purple - BaCuSi2O6
Terracotta Army to protect the emperor in the
afterlifeinstead of the real army
Cinnabar - HgS Hematite - Fe2O3 Red Lead Pb3O4
Malachite Cu2CO3(OH)2
Han Blue BaCuSi4O10
man-made pigments
J. Zuo et al., J. Raman Spectrosc. 34, 121
(2003) H. Langhals D. Bathelt, Angew. Chem.
Int. Ed. 42, 5676 (2003)
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Materials Research Saving Lives for more than
2000 Years
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Versatility of Magnetic Fields one mans opinion
Quantum Matter Putting metals on
teeter-totters Scotch-tape-induced
relativity Materials research Saving lives
for more than 2000 years Complex Fluids
Weighing molecules that weigh the same
Petroleum goop and pee Little tiny
holes in little tiny viruses Insect spit and
worm sex
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Ion Cyclotron Resonance Putting Molecules Into
Orbit
With a 14 T high-homogeneity wide-bore magnet,
100 part-per-billion mass resolution and
accuracy petroleum and metabolic compounds
gt100,000 resolved compositionally-distinct
organic molecules in a single petroleum sample

• Petroleomics
• Fingerprint of each oil reservoir
• Sulfur-containing compounds
• Fresh- and salt-water solubility
• Analysis of pipeline clogging
• Refinement of sour crudes

• Possible future applications
• Antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid, bloodstream
  or urine
• Amyloid mixtures, plaque deposits
• Nutritional components in food and food
  processing assurance
• Arson accelerants and explosives residue

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Fighting Viruses Plugging the RNA channels
Combining Ion Cyclotron Resonance and Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance
Structure of Macro-bio-assemblies
Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Rate reveals
which side of the RNA channel is on the virus
exterior
gt 100 h-1 FAST 10 h-1 - 100 h-1 1 h-1 - 10 h-1
0.1 h-1 - 1 h-1 lt 0.1 h-1 SLOW
RNA Channel (side view) mass increase rates
when fully exposed to deuterium
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NMR Spectrum From a Single Animal

• Can accurately spray venom up to 40 cm
• Temporarily blinds potential predators
• Monoterpene dialdehyde called anisomorphal

• Dissolve secretion in 10 ?L D2O
• No purification10nL sample (0.1mm)3
• Collect NMR 10 min after secretion

YBCO rf coil
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Individual A. buprestoides Show Isomeric
Heterogeneity in Anisomorphal


Peru isomer
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Isomeric Heterogeneity as a function of time for
the same individual
Goal To Identify Unique Small Molecules that
Cause Behavioral Changes Result THE SAME
MOLECULE controls hibernation and
hermaphrodidic sex parties
XXX
Blackyoung adult
RedL4
BlueL3
GreenL2

• Three worm collaborators
• Mario deBono, MRC Cambridge UK
• Paul Sternberg, Cal Tech, HHMI
• Erik Jorgensen, U of Utah, HHMI

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Versatility of Magnetic Fields one mans opinion
Quantum Matter Putting metals on
teeter-totters Scotch-tape-induced
relativity Materials research Saving lives
for more than 2000 years Complex Fluids
Weighing molecules that weigh the same
Petroleum goop and people pee Little
tiny holes in little tiny viruses Insect spit
and worm sex Structure, Dynamics and Function
Advanced MRI of mouse brains and
fatheads Watching water diffuse
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Magnetic Quantum Dots for Live Cell Tracking
Living stem
cells, labeled with bio-compatible Gadolinium
nanoparticles tracked in vivo using
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a mouse brain
as they respond to brain damage resulting from
hypoxia.
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MRI goes High-Def
900MHz / 105 mm Ultra-Wide Bore NMR/MRI Magnet
Contrast agents can be synthesized with different
metals and and molecules to create tunable
contrast and multiple color imaging.
in vivo MRI of the Mouse Brain using the 21T MRI
magnet
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Quantitative MR Imaging
MRI can go beyond pretty pictures to make an
even bigger impact in biochemistry, cell
biology, physiology, neuroscience, and related
fields.
Mouse Brain Atlas Defines normal by averaging
data from many brains Highlights regions of
individual brain variability due to
disease or resulting from genetic
manipulation
Diffusion is highly anisotropic in fibrous
structures. MR is sensitive to the molecular
diffusion in the direction of the gradient
applied. Quantify anisotropy to determine the
fiber directioneg in the spinal cord
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Versatility of Magnetic Fields one mans opinion
Quantum Matter Putting metals on
teeter-totters Scotch-tape-induced
relativity Materials research Saving lives
for more than 2000 years Complex Fluids
Weighing molecules that weigh the same
Petroleum goop and people pee Little
tiny holes in little tiny viruses Insect spit
and worm sex Structure, Dynamics and Function
Advanced MRI of mouse brains and
fatheads Watching water diffuse Materials
Research Nucular Resonance across the
entire periodic table Finding the unpaired
spin...unrequited electron love Making energy
the old-fashioned waylike the leaves Better
living through magnets
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Oxygen-17 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Spectroscopy a new tool for studying biological
membranes
K ion

Our entire nervous system is dependent upon the
proper function of ion channels,
pores in cell
membranes that are able to transport ions, such
as potassium and sodium,
in and out of the cell.
Because 17O is a quadrupolar
nucleus, it is a very sensitive indicator of the
electric fields of nearby ions.
At 21.1 teslas in the 900MHz magnet

we can detect
NMR line shifts due to the electric
fields
of
potassium ions at particular sites

along the
ion channel
Ion Channel
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Quadrupolar Nuclei the REST of the Periodic
Table
Most nuclei are quadrupolar spins (Sgt1/2) High
magnetic fields are essential for NMR research
on quadrupolar nuclei
Materials Physics
I 1 2H, 6Li, 14N I 3/2 7Li, 11B,
23Na, 69,71Ga, 87Rb I 5/2 17O, 25Mg,27Al,
47Ti, 67Zn
Elements with Only I 1/2 nuclear
spins Quadrupolar nuclei
(i.e. I gt 1/2 )

• Catalysts
• chemistry is only skin deep
• Porous materials
• cell membranes to zeolites
• Batteries and fuel cells
• wheres my Lithium ?

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Electron Spin Resonance to Probe Organometallics
Iron is important in bio-inorganic chemistry,
appearing in many metallo-proteins (proteins
that function due to the
incorporation of a metallic ion). Despite being
paramagnetic, the Fe(II) oxidation state of
iron is very difficult to detect due to a
very large zero-field splitting (12 cm-1
in the ground spin state). NEED HIGH
FREQUENCIES and BIG MAGNETIC FIELDS
MagLab 25T / 20ppm
In 2012 36T / 1 ppm
9 GHz common lab spectrometer
94 GHz Highest commercially available
spectrometer
Electron Spin Resonances of Iron(II) in
bis(2,2-bi-2-thiazoline) bis(isothiocyanato)
iron(II)
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Multifrequency Electron Spin Resonance
Structure and Dynamics of Macromolecules -or- W
atching Bio-jelly Wiggle

T4 Lysozyme Spin-labeled at Various Residues
Selectively probe multiple sites via spin
labeling Probe dynamics over range of
frequencies

Jack Freed, Cornell
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Finding Unpaired Electrons in Palladium
A frontier of modern chemistry the
understanding of catalysis on a molecular
level.
Paddle-wheel s ½ complex Pd2 (DAniF)4 PF6
Newly discovered palladium molecules, including
the paddle wheel compound above, might make
better catalysts. Catalysts find extensive
industrial use for their ability to nucleate and
accelerate chemical reactions. Although
X-rays can determine the location of all the
atoms in a molecule, catalysis depends instead on
the location of the electrons, in particular the
location of the unpaired (hence chemically
active) electron. Electron paramagnetic
resonance (EPR), the flipping of an electrons
intrinsic magnetic field, finds that unrequited
electron love for chemical reactions.
Note the increased resolving power of higher
magnetic fields, which requires higher frequency
spectroscopy.
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Energy Transfer Photosynthesis and Solar Cells
Photon energy ? Chemical energy CO2 ? O2 (for
green plants)
P ?P?P e-
hn
3P
P
e-
Fe
Optical excitation, charge separation, and charge
transport over the membrane involves many
intermediate states Most of the intermediate
states are paramagnetic. High-frequency (and
hence High-Magnetic-Field) Electron
Paramagnetic Resonance probes these states
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Better Living throught Superconducting Magnet
Applications
Materials Research Saving lives for the next
2000 years
High Tc magnets should greatly shrink the
proton source replacing X-ray radiation
therapy in existing hospital space
The ITER fusion reactor will use 1B of
Niobium-based 13 T superconducting
magnets .but present Nb3Sn conductor is too
lossy for required sub-second magnet pulsing
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Versatility of Magnetic Fields one mans
opinionan educated caveman
Quantum Matter Addressing our limited
understanding of strongly interacting quantum
systems Complex Fluids Studying nature as it
presents itself.messy Structure, Dynamics and
Function Exploiting Magnetic Resonance to
study macromolecule dynamicsto membrane
functionto entire brains Materials Science
Element-specific nuclear and electron spins to
understand specific element environments in
organometallics, catalysts, photosynthesis Taking
the Magnets to the Neutrons. Taking the
Magnets to the X-rays. Bringing the Terahertz to
the Magnets. A proposed THz-to-IR Free
Electron Laser Light Source at the National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory
www.nap.edu
Greg Boebinger
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Science Hidden by our Blind-Spot in the Terahertz
Regime
Resolving Biofunctional Isomers (sugar coating
helps antibodies recognize antigens)
Complete Vibrational Spectra of Macromolecules
(backbone bending to individual bonds)

Actinide Chemistry (bond-specific multi-photon
infra-red dissociation)
Molecular Magnets (atomic nitrogen qubit in C60
cage)

Vibrational Mode Coupling (two-dimensional
pump-probe infra-red spectroscopy)
Understanding Catalysis at the Molecular
Level (palladium paddle-wheel catalyst)
Harvesting Solar Energy (energy transfer on the
nanoscale)
Imaging the warm bits
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Free Electron Laser
A World-Unique Terahertz-to-Infrared Light Source
5 m
UNIQUE Three Co-located Narrow-Band Light
Sources with Overlapping Frequency
Ranges continuously covering 0.3THz to 300THz
(mid-IR)
UNIQUE Ultra-fast THz light pulses (1 psec
pulses with a 10MHz Rep Rate)
Co-located with uniquely strong DC magnetic
fields an independent tuning parameter with
Zeeman, cyclotron, and correlation energies
resonant with the 0.3 to 300 THz regime
UNIQUE Ultra-bright THz light pulses (1,000,000
times brighter than THz sources parasitic at
Third Generation synchrotrons)
UNIQUE Automatic time-synchronization of Near
IR, Mid-IR and Broadband THz sources (lt 20 fsec
jitter for pump-probe experiments)
Greg Boebinger 1/15/09
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A Fourth Generation Terahertz-to-Infrared Light
Source at the MagLabs National User Facility
3rd Generation X-ray Source
2nd Generation X-ray Source
Constructed from proven components using
Existing Jefferson Lab Designs to Minimize
Risk and Cost and Time to First Light
30-35M BigLight Free Electron Laser 20-25M
FEL-Required Cryogenics and Accelerator
Infrastructure 20M FEL Building
If funded mid-2009, if building ready by
2010, then first light in 2013
Greg Boebinger 1/15/09
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Versatility of Magnetic Fields one mans
opinionan educated caveman
Quantum Matter Addressing our limited
understanding of strongly interacting quantum
systems Complex Fluids Studying nature as it
presents itself.messy Structure, Dynamics and
Function Exploiting Magnetic Resonance to
study macromolecule dynamicsto membrane
functionto entire brains Materials Science
Element-specific nuclear and electron spins to
understand specific element environments in
organometallics, catalysts, photosynthesis Taking
the Magnets to the Neutrons. Taking the
Magnets to the X-rays. Bringing the Terahertz to
the Magnets. A proposed THz-to-IR Free
Electron Laser Light Source at the National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory
www.nap.edu
Greg Boebinger
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THIR Light Source
Enabling
Transformational Science in Physics,
Chemistry, Biology and Materials Research
Three sources of fast (1 psec) light pulses in
an uninterrupted 10MHz pulse train
covering 1mm to 1.5 microns and
time-synchronized (10-100 fsec)
and a Broadband THz source covering 50GHz to
3 Terahertz
Applications for RD across the Spectrum of
Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Materials
Research Quantum Matter Resonant and/or
Pump-Probe Spectroscopy of Low-Energy Correlated
States (on electron correlation
timescales) Cyclotron Resonance of m1 Systems
to 45 Teslas, ie. extend CR from semiconductors
to everything else Electron Spin Resonance
to 1.25 THz (B 45T) with T2 times (spin
relaxation times) as short as 1 nanosecond
Electron Spin Resonance of d- and f-electron
Systems, Infrared Nanoscopy (Imaging on the
Nanoscale) of Phase Separated Systems, Qubit
Characterization and Manipulation high figure of
merit and/or up to room temperature
Energy Surface Chemistry on the Non-thermal
Path (seeking Room Temperature Catalysis and/or
Refining) Probing unpaired spins for new
Catalysis and for tracking ions (eg Hydrogen or
Lithium) for Energy Storage, f-electron
Chemistry for Radioactive Waste Mitigation
(confinement of legacy Uranium and Plutonium
waste) Complex Fluids Infra-red Multi-photon
Dissociation for Selective Bond Breaking, Mass
Spectroscopy for Petroleum Analysis Macromolecules
Multi-frequency Dynamics via Spin Labeling,
Vibrational Mode Coupling via Raman
Spectroscopy, Enzyme Electron Transfer,
Electron Spin Resonance of Metal-Organic
Complexes with Large Zero-Field-Splitting
Biomedicine Nanoscale Dynamic Imaging of Tissue
via Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Mass
Spectroscopy for Pharmaceuticals Analysis, and
Diagnosis via Biofluids (cerebrospinal fluid,
urine, etc)
Greg Boebinger 1/15/09
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Unrealized Opportunities for increased
Scientific Impact of High Magnetic Field Research
PARTNER with NATIONAL LABORATORIES to marry
Magnetic Fields with other Scientific
Probes Neutrons, X-rays, Infrared, and
Terahertz
www.nap.edu
From scientific and budgetary considerations
1. Take the magnets to the
Neutrons at the
Spallation Neutron Source 2. Take the
magnets to the
X-rays at the Advanced Photon Source 3.
But bring the Infrared and Terahertz to the
Magnets THz-IR Free Electron
Laser at the National High Magnetic
Field Laboratory
Greg Boebinger, MagLab
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ZEEMANS Ze Extreme Magnetic Neutron
Spectrometer Collaboration with Johns Hopkins and
the Spallation Neutron Source (Design Proposal is
Fundedsimilar proposal submitted with
Hahn-Meitner Institute)
SERIES CONNECTED HYBRID TECHNOLOGY x3 lower
power than resistive magnets 32T, 32mm
bore, 10MW
Down Bore Neutron Beam
A fourth branch of the MagLab at a 32T SNS
beamline ?
/- 20 Degree Scattering Angle
Hard condensed matter High Tc
Superconductivity Vortex matter Model
magnet systems (1D, 2D, and frustrated 3D)
Multi-ferroics Charge, lattice and spin
correlations
Nano-scale Materials Sciences Magnetic
multilayersfor magnetic field sensors
Metallurgical nano-structure and
macro-properties Phase-separation in
correlated electron materials
New instruments for studying the neutron and
x-ray scattering properties of materials in high
magnetic fields should be developed in the United
States.
COHMAG,
p.5
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B
X-rays and 30 Tesla Magnets Proposed
Collaboration with MIT and Advanced Photon Source
SERIES CONNECTED HYBRID TECHNOLOGY Lower
power (10MW) than resistive magnets 30
Teslas in a 32mm sample bore Down-bore
magnet (conical bore magnet) Split magnet
(gap at magnets equatorial plane)
APS
25 T Split Magnet
30 T Conical Magnet
30 T Conical Magnet
Proposed location for High Magnetic Field
Beamline
25 T Split Magnet