After Psychoanalysis

1
AfterPsychoanalysis

• Chapter 14

2
Splintered movement

• Within 20 years of its founding
• Freud never again spoke to the rebels
• Carl Jung supposed to be Freuds heir
• Alfred Adler
• Karen Horney

3
Psychoanalysis after Freud

• de-emphasize biological forces emphasize social
  and psychological forces
• minimize the import of infantile sexuality
• more independent role for ego

4
Anna Freud (1895-1982)

• Her life
• The youngest of Freuds six children not a
  welcomed child
• least preferred daughter, lonely and unhappy
  childhood
• became her fathers favorite child
• early interest in her fathers work
• attended meetings of the Vienna Psychoanalytic
  Society from the age of 14

5
Contributions to psychoanalysis

• pioneered psychoanalysis of children
• considered children's relative immaturity
• considered childrens lack of verbal skills
• innovative methods
• the use of play materials
• the observation of the child in the home
• responsible for elaborating defense mechanisms

6
Carl Jung (1875-1961)

• Background
• Lonely childhood, filled with fantasy
• professional reputation established before he met
  Freud
• 1906 began correspondence with Freud
• Supposed to be Freuds successor and heir
• age 38 severe emotional problems for 3-year
  period

7
Carl Jung

• autobiographical influences, particularly with
  regard to views of about sex
• Oedipus complex not relevant to his childhood
  experience
• no major adult sexual hang-ups
• preferred company of women
• had affairs
• isolation as child reflected in his theoretical
  focus on inner growth rather than social
  relationships
• sex plays a minimal role in explaining human
  motivation

8
Forces that influence personality

• Freud
• Jung

9
Archetypes

• inherited tendencies within the collective
  unconscious
• predispose one to behave in a manner like ones
  ancestors
• Examples
• Shadow

10
Introversion and extraversion

• Extravert
• Introvert
• Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

11
Alfred Adler (1870-1973)

• Background
• Sickly as child, poor student
• Closer to father than mother

12
Individual psychology

• Some of his ideas
• Social interest
• Inferiority complex

13
Comment

• So, how did Adler differ from freud?
• much more optomistic,
• sex not important
• social, not biological motivators
• emphasized conscious thoughts over unconscious
  ones

14
The Evolution of Personality Theory Humanistic
Psychology

• Some 15 to 20 theories represent were derived in
  some respect from Freudian psychoanalytic theory
• Like Wundt, Freud presented a system of thought
  that both brought followers and motivated revolt
• Freudian theory was a point of revolt, not a
  base, for humanistic psychology

15
The Zeitgeist the 1960s

• protest against Western mechanism and materialism
• emphasis on
• the present
• hedonism and personal fulfillment
• belief in human perfectibility
• tendency to self-disclose

16
In general, humanistic psychology

• intended to replace other two main forces in
  psychology
• Behaviorism
• Psychoanalysis
• Humanistic psychology
• Not just a revision or adaptation of prior
  schools

17
The nature of humanistic psychology

• Criticisms of behaviorism
• narrow, artificial, sterile
• too deterministic, no free will
• reduces humans to animal-like S-R components,
  dehumanizing

18
The nature of humanistic psychology

• Criticisms of Freudianism
• also deterministic and mechanistic
• minimization of consciousness
• exclusion of normals from study

19
The nature of humanistic psychology

• basic themes of humanistic psychology
• emphasis on the positive rather than the negative
  in human traits and goals
• focus on conscious experience
• belief in free will
• confidence in unity of human personality

20
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

• Overview
• spiritual father of humanistic psychology
• garnered academic respectability for the movement
• goal
• to understand the highest achievements of which
  humans are capable
• research
• Identify characteristics of healthy people
• Wertheimer prototype of healthy person

21
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

• the hierarchy of needs
• physiological
• safety
• belonging and love
• esteem
• self-actualization

22
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

• Self-actualization
• involves active use of all of ones traits and
  talents
• involves the growth and realization of ones
  potential
• peak experiences
• self-actualized persons free of neurosis,
  middle-aged or older

23
Comment

• criticism
• small sample sizes preclude generalizability
• subjects selected according to Maslows
  subjective criteria
• terms are ambiguous and inconsistently defined
• rebuttal no other way to study
  self-actualization perceived work as preliminary

24
Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

• Overview
• developed person-centered therapy
• client is responsible for change
• assumes one can consciously and rationally alter
  ones thoughts and behavior

25
Self-actualization

• a drive to make oneself better
• unconditional positive regard
• love and acceptance regardless of your behavior
• leads to self-acceptance (healthy) rather than
  conditions of worth (unhealthy)
• mother-child relationship key to actualization

26
Humanistic psychology

• Did not become a part of the mainstream of
  psychological thought
• Why?
• Practitioners in private practice rather than
  academia
• Comparatively little research and few
  publications
• No graduate training programs
• Ill-timed attacks on the psychoanalytic and
  behaviorism, schools already in decline

27
The changing zeitgeist in physics

• Rejection of the mechanistic model of the
  universe
• Shift of focus of scientific investigation
• From an independent and objectively knowable
  universe
• To ones own subjective observation of that
  universe
• I.E., objective knowledge is really subjective
• Scientific psychology resisted the new physics
  for at least 50 years

28
The founding of cognitive psychology

• No single founder
• Two scholars contributed groundbreaking work
• George Miller
• Ulric Neisser

29
George Miller (1920- )

• His life
• Behaviorism
• Miller accepted it as the primary school (had no
  choice)
• Mid-1950s determined behaviorism was inadequate
• 1956 classic article the magical number seven,
  plus or minus two some limits on our capacity
  for processing information

30
The nature of cognitive psychology

• Differs from behaviorism
• Focus on the process of knowing
• Interest in how the mind structures or organizes
  experience
• The person actively and creatively arranges the
  stimuli received from the environment

31
Unconscious cognition

• The new unconscious or nonconscious
• Not the same as Freud's concept
• More rational than emotional
• Is involved in the first stage of human cognition
• The response to a stimulus
• An integral part of information processing

32

• Subliminal perception
• We can be influenced by stimuli that we are not
  aware of
• Process of acquiring knowledge
• Occurs at both conscious and nonconscious levels,
  but mostly at the nonconscious level
• Nonconscious information processing is faster and
  more complicated

33
Current status

• Cognitive psychology is a success
• Its impact is felt by most areas of psychology
• It has influenced psychology in Europe and Russia
• It has influenced areas outside psychology

34
Criticisms

• Opposed by behaviorists
• Considerable confusion about terminology and
  definitions
• Overemphasis on cognition
• Ignored other influences such motivation and
  emotion
• Became fixated on thought processes

35
Schools of Thought in Perspective

• All earlier schools (except psychoanalysis)
  absorbed into mainstream

36
How did each school of thought contribute to the
science of psychology?

• Wundts psychology Structuralism
• Functionalism
• Behaviorism
• Gestalt psychology
• Psychoanalysis
• Humanistic psychology
• Cognitive psychology