Psychoanalysis, Sex and American Culture

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Psychoanalysis, Sex and American Culture
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Psychoanalytic Journals, 1912/13
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International Journal of Psycho-analysis
English-language journal, 1920-
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BELLEVUE ASYLUM KREUZLINGEN SWITZERLAND c. 1900
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Psychoanalytic Clinic, Berlin 1920
Melanie Klein
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Freud, G. Stanley Hall, Carl Jungat Clark
University
Back row (L to R A. Brill, E. Jones and Sandor
Ferenczi
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Freuds Visit to Clark University Worcester,
Mass September 1909
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Freuds Telegram, 1909
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Boston School of Psychotherapy Morton
Prince James Jackson Putnam
Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1906
Painted by John Singer Sargent, 1890s
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Richard Kraft von Ebing (1840-1902)
PSYCHOPATHIASEXUALIS (1886)
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Havelock Ellis (1859-1939)
Man and Woman A Study of Secondary and
Tertiary Sex Characteristics (1894) Sexual
Inversion (1897)
Studies in the Psychology of Sex (1897-1910)
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Freuds Essay on Sexuality (1905)

• Divided libido, or sexual drive into three
  aspects
• 1. the impulse (operative in perversions, but
  also psychoneurosesdiseases of repression).
• 2. the object (the homosexual didnt differ
  from others as to drive, but as to object)
• 3. the origin or body part involved in
  impulse--explains use of fetish)
• Conclusion That everyone was somewhat
  perverseas a result of universal sexual impulse.

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American Psychoanalytic Societies

• American Association of Psychoanalysis, 1911.
• New York Psychoanalytic Society,1911 (15 founding
  physicians).
• NY Psychoanalytic Society all analysts must have
  analysis with a competent analyst, 1923.
• NY Psychoanalytic Society decreed practitioners
  must be physicians, 1924.

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Early American Psychoanalysts

• James Jackson Putnamneurologist (Boston)
• Isador Coriat (Boston) psychoanalysis and
  literature
• William Alanson White (head of St. Elizabeths,
  Wash DC) stressed social and environmental causes
  of mental illness
• Smith Ely Jelliffe (New York)
• A.A. Brill (New York) translated Freuds work in
  the 1910s

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St. Elizabeths hospitalWilliam Alanson White
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Psychoanalysis American-Styleearly 20th century

• All mental disorders (except with definite
  somatic causes), were interpreted according to
  model of psychoneuroses (e.g. hysteria,
  obsessions).
• Caused by conflicts between wishes (results of
  instinctual drives) and internal repression
• Causes traced back to early childhood, usually
  sexually tinged family relationships
• Sexuality most important instinctual drive
• Psychoanalysis was to overcome resistances of
  patient
• Dominance of Ego psychology--focus on adaptation
  of ego to social demands, rather than Id
  psychology (repressed desires).

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Freuds Draft of a 1926 Encyclopedia Britannica
Entry Some Elementary Lessons
in Psychoanalysis Manuscript Division Library
of Congress
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Max Eastman, socialist editor of The
Masses, 1913, on socialism and the
arts. in analysis with Smith Ely
Jelliffe editor of Journal of Nervous and
Mental Disease, 1902 Developed extensive
psychoanalytic practice, NYC coined term
psychosomatic Interpreted Eastmans neurosis
as result of hostility to the father working
itself out in prejudiced radicalism
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• Mabel Dodge Luhan
• salon hostess
• In Greenwich Village,
• NYC for social
• activists and artists.
• In analysis with
• A. Brill
• Smith Ely Jelliffe
• serialized her own
• psycho-analysis for the
• Hearst newspapers
• 1917-1918

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André Tridon, Psychoanalysis and Love 1922
In the searching light of that most curious and
interesting new method, psychoanalysis, the
soul of love is laid bare
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Mrs. Mardens Ordeal 1916 by James Hay
That a warped childhood is to contribute in
later years to a warped and tragic womanhood.
( p. 271)
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• You will have to tell me all thingsThis is to
  be an analysis of your soul, of the depths of
  your soul. You will have to tell me what you
  believe about religion, the most intimate things
  about your life with your husband, the big things
  and the little things, sex things and all. You
  may keep nothing back from me. In this way only
  can we analyze your soul and see in what way it
  has gone wrongYou see, you suffer, not because
  you are sick, but because you are unhappy.
• the Psychoanalyst, in Mrs. Marsdens
  Ordeal, p. 5.

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1955
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(No Transcript)
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More on Psychoanalysis and Culture

• Nathan Hale, Freud and the Americans The
  beginnings of Psychoanalysis in the United
  States, 1876-1917 (Oxford, 1971)
• Nathan Hale, The Rise and Crisis of
  Psychoanalysis Freud and the Americans,
  1917-1985 ( Oxford, 1995)
• Eli Zaretsky, Secrets of the Soul A social and
  cultural history of psychoanalysis (NY Vintage
  Books, 2005)
• George Makari, Revolution in Mind The Creation
  of Psychoanalysis ( NY Harper, 2008)