Chapter%201%20Introduction

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Geochemical data
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The electromagnetic spectrum
All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of
light (3 x 108 ms-1) and are discussed in terms
of wavelength and frequency
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Spectrometry
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The K emission spectrum of copper
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X-ray spectrum of an olivine
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An atom of the element carbon (C)
The nucleus contains 6 protons and 6 neutrons
Six electrons orbit the nucleus, confined to
specific orbits called energy-levels
The first shell can only contain 2 electrons The
second shell can contain 8 electrons In the case
of a carbon atom, the second shell is therefore
half full and contains only 4 electrons
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A typical rock analysis
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Common types of magma
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Composition of Earth shells
Elements wt Elements wt
  Crust Crust Mantle Mantle Core Core
  Continental Oceanic Upper Lower Outer Inner
O 41.2 43.7 44.7 43.7 10--15  
Si 28 22 21.1 22.5 10--15  
Al 14.3 7.5 1.9 1.6    
Fe 4.7 8.5 5.6 9.8 80--85 80
Ca 3.9 7.1 1.4 1.7    
K 2.3 0.33 0.08 0.11    
Na 2.2 1.6 0.15 0.84    
Mg 1.9 7.6 24.7 18.8    
Ti 0.4 1.1 0.12 0.08    
C 0.3          
H 0.2          
Mn 0.07 0.15 0.07 0.33    
Ni         5 20
Cr       0.51    
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Nucleosynthesis
 Bethes cycle 
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Elements stability
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Elements abundance

• Lights gt Heavies
• Even gt Odd
• Abundance peak close to Fe (n56)

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Solar system abundance
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Formation of a planetary nebula
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Planetary nebulas
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Temperature gradients in the planetary nebula
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Formation of the solar system
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Differenciation of planets
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