Gerard

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Gerard t Hooft
Utrecht University
The Nature of
MATTER
and
FORCES
Stockholm, August 27, 2004
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Sir James Clark Maxwell

• 1831-1879
• - Statistical Mechanics
• Thermodynamics
• Improved the mathematical
• formulation of Michael
• Faradays theories of
• electricity and magnetic
• lines of force ...

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The electro-magnetic force
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Albert Einstein
1879 1955 1905 - Photo-electric effect -
Special Relativity - Brownian motion
statistical mechanics 1915 General
relativity (gravitation)
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Special Relativity
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Quantum Mechanics
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the ATOM
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QUANTUM
the ATOM
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Quantum Mechanics
Special Relativity


Elementary Particle Physics
( High Energy Physics Quantum Field
Theory )
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1969
photon
Leptons
anti-
leptons
This is only 4 of the matter in
the Universe ! (See Licia Verdes talk)
Hadrons
mesons

baryons
anti-
baryons
anti- ?
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the forces
Known from experiment
Forces
the ELECTRO MAGNETIC force the STRONG
force the WEAK force
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The Yang-Mills Field
C.N. Yang and R.L. Mills, 1954
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Yang - Mills quanta
o
o
-

o

-
neutron
proton

o
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Multiplets
According to the Yang-Mills-theory
P
N
Nucleons
pions
Yang-Mills bosons
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Peter Higgs
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Breaking Rotational Symmetry
THIS becomes an essential degree of
freedom ...
And THIS is the Higgs degree of Freedom
turning the gauge force carriers massive !
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S.L. Glashow
St. Weinberg
A. Salam
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Weinberg Model
Weinbergs lepton model
Anti Leptons
Gauge bosons
Leptons
Higgs
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The hadronic particles
Proton
Lambda
Antiproton
Pi-plus
Pi-zero
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The Yang-Mills Color Field
Quantum Chromo Dynamics
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Quark species
quarks
Antiquarks
up
down
strange
s
s
s
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The Standard Model
Higgs
Graviton
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Total cross sections
CESR
DORIS
PEP
PETRA
TRISTAN
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Gravitation
The fourth force
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The highway across the desert
GUTs
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Further unification
SU(4) x SU(2) x SU(2)
SO(10)
3 generations
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The SuperString Theory
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A Black Hole
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