Orientation in Time and Space

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Orientation in Time and Space
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Pineal Gland
Pineal
Rat Brain
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Tuatara (Sphenodon)
Pogona vitticeps
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Menaker, 1968 White-crowned Sparrow (blinded)
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Bullia gouldiana
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Melatonin Synthesis is Controlled by
n-Acetyl Transferase (NAT) Activity
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Circannual Rhythms
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Horse, A Long-Day Breeder
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Sheep A short day breeder
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Sensing The Environment
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• Chemoreception
• Taste
• Smell (Olfaction)

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• Mechanoreception
• Displacement
• Gating of stretch activated channels

Eg. Touch, Pressure, Equilibrium, Hearing
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• Equilibrium
• semicircular canals
• endolymph
• hair cells
• otoliths
• Gravity Detector in Fish

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• Hearing
• Vibration
• Snakes and Spiders
• Otoliths (Ear Stones)
• Lateral Line
• Schooling Behavior
• Echolocation/Sonar
• Ultrasonic (15-150 KHz)
• Bats, Dolphins, Shrews
• Infrasound (low frequency)
• Elephants 14-35 Hz
• Long wavelength travel long distances
• (up to 10 Km)

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Lateral Line in Zebrafish Embryo
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Electromagnetic Sensitivity
Ampullary Electroreceptors Ampullae di
Lorenzini- Sharks, rays ampulla
Paddlefish Platypus
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Elephant Nose fish, Gnathonemus petersii, family
Mormyridae
http//alumnus.caltech.edu/rasnow/Aalbif.MOV
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Geomagnetism 50 micro Tesla