Crew Resource Management CRM

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Crew Resource Management(CRM)
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What is CRM/CLR?

• CRM - Crew/Cockpit Resource Management
• CLR - Command, Leadership, Resource Management

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Why Do We Care ?
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Why Do We Care ?
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Elements of Leadership

• Motivation The primary task.
• Reinforcement Recognition of desired
  performance can modify habits and behavior.
• Example Demonstrating desired behavior and
  performance.
• Maintaining the Group Attending to personal
  relationships, resolving disputes, encouraging
  harmony and cooperation amongst group members,
  and insuring effective communication.
• Managerial Role Allocation of duties,
  particularly significant during high workload or
  emergency situations.

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Elements of CLR

• Command
• Captains Authority
• Training Development
• Leadership
• Problem Definition
• Inquiry
• Advocacy
• Decision Making
• Resource Management
• Communication
• Planning for Coordination
• Conflict Resolution
• Critique

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Captains Dilemma

• Authority vs. Dependency

As a Captain, you dont want dependency from your
crews, you want participation.
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Teambuilding

• Studies have found that what a Captain does
  during the first few minutes of meeting their
  crew has a significant impact on the crews
  overall performance as a team.

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Effective Captains Build Effective Teams

• They create an atmosphere that encourages a free
  and open flow of information.

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Less Effective Captains

• Create an atmosphere which, for a multitude of
  reasons, inhibits the flow of information.

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Solving the Captains Dilemma

• Briefings

To handle those first few critical minutes of
meeting/forming their crews . Effective
Captains begin with a briefing.
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Briefings

• In general terms, any time two or more people
  come together to perform a task, they form a
  group.
• During that formation process there are three
  things the group needs to know.

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Briefings

• Tasks - What are we supposed to do?
• Boundaries - Who is in the group, who is not?
• Norms - What behavior is expected from us?

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Tasks

• Brief crew members on the following situations
• Unusual
• Emergency
• Ambiguous

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Norms

• Norms refer to the type of behavior that is
  expected and acceptable within any group.

Effective Captains communicated to their crews
what type of behavior they felt was
important. They did this in a variety of ways.
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Norms

• Subtle Behavior Cues - Communication is
  important.
• Examples
• I am listening
• I expect you to talk to me
• Briefings - Specifically stating norms
• Explicit statements about how they intended to
  work as Captain.
• Direct statements about the group would work in
  certain situations.

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Norms - The Big Three

• Safety
• Effective Communications
• Cooperation among crewmembers

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Boundaries

• Effective Captains expand the boundaries of the
  cockpit to include others as part of the crew.

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A Good Briefing

• Accomplishes the following
• Establishes Competence
• Organized
• Technically Competent
• Socially Competent
• Disavowal of Perfection
• Engages the Crew

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Additional Elements

• Introduce Yourself
• Handshake
• Eye Contact
• Confident
• Team Oriented
• SOP
• Go Over Papers Together

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Attitudes Towards Teamwork

• The Grid
• A Frame of Reference

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The Grid
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Effect of Leader Attitudes Upon Crew Performance
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What the Grid Is

• A tool for describing attitudes and behavior.
• A kind of shorthand to represent a general
  pattern of behavior.

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What the Grid Isnt

• A Psychological Assessment
• An Evaluative Mechanism to
• Categorize or place individuals in Slots

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What we can learn from The Grid

• Applying the Grid to the cockpit can aid
  individuals in exploring alternative
  possibilities of behavior which may not have been
  clear to them.

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Become A More Effective Team Member

• Understanding the Grid concepts can enable a
  person to sort out unsound or less than fully
  effective behavior and replace it with more
  effective behavior.

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Assumptions

• Ones Grid style does not define ones
  personality characteristics.
• Grid style reflects assumptions about reality.
• A persons orientations, attitudes, and
  approaches are learned and may be changed.

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Dominant vs. Backup Style

• Grid Styles are usually consistent over a range
  of situations.
• Backup Style - Revert to when
• Under Pressure
• Strain or tension
• Frustration
• Fatigue
• Situations of conflict that cannot be solved
  in a characteristic way

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The Grid