The International Linear Collider

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• The International Linear Collider

Gerry Dugan ILC/GDE and Cornell University
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Why ee- Collisions?

• elementary particles
• well-defined
• energy,
• angular momentum
• uses full COM energy
• produces particles democratically
• can mostly fully reconstruct events

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A Rich History as a Powerful Probe
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The Energy Frontier
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International Linear Collider The Global Design
EffortMission

• Produce a design for the ILC that includes a
  detailed design concept, performance assessments,
  reliable international costing, an
  industrialization plan , siting analysis, as well
  as detector concepts and scope.
• Coordinate worldwide prioritized proposal driven
  R D efforts (to demonstrate and improve the
  performance, reduce the costs, attain the
  required reliability, etc.)

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GDE Organization
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Formation of the Global Design Effort

• Director Barry Barish Appointed in March 2005
• Appointed Regional Directors (Gerry Dugan
  (Americas), Fumihiko Takasaki (Asia), Brian
  Foster (Europe))
• Three regional directors have identified GDE
  members (with agreement from BB)
• Currently 66 members, representing approximately
  25 FTE
• GDE Central Team consists of
• core accelerator physics experts
• 3 CFS experts (1 per region)
• 3 costing engineers (1 per region)
• 3 communicators (1 per region)
• representatives from World Wide Study

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GDE Central team
Chris Adolphsen, SLAC Deepa Angal-Kalinin,
CCLRC Jean-Luc Baldy, CERN Philip Bambade, LAL,
Orsay Barry Barish, Caltech (the boss) Wilhelm
Bialowons, DESY Grahame Blair, Royal Holloway Jim
Brau, University of Oregon Karsten Buesser,
DESY Elizabeth Clements, Fermilab Michael
Danilov, ITEP Jean-Pierre Delahaye, CERN (EU dep.
dir.) Gerald Dugan, Cornell University (Americas
dir.) Atsushi Enomoto, KEK Brian Foster, Oxford
University (EU dir.) Warren Funk, JLAB Jie Gao,
IHEP Peter Garbincius, Fermilab Terry Garvey,
LAL-IN2P3 Susanna Guiducci, INFN Hitoshi Hayano,
KEK Tom Himel, SLAC Maxine Hronek, Fermilab Bob
Kephart, Fermilab Eun San Kim, Pohang Acc
Lab Hyoung Suk Kim, Kyungpook Natl Univ Shane
Koscielniak, TRIUMF Kyoshi Kubo, KEK Vic Kuchler,
Fermilab Masao Kuriki, KEK Lutz Lilje, DESY
Tom Markiewicz, SLAC David Miller, Univ College
of London Shekhar Mishra, Fermilab Youhei Morita,
KEK Alex Mueller, LAL-IN2P3 Norihito Ohnchi,
KEK Hasan Padamsee, Cornell University Carlo
Pagani, DESY Nan Phinney, SLAC Dieter Proch,
DESY Pantaleo Raimondi, INFN Tor Raubenheimer,
SLAC Francois Richard, LAL-IN2P3 Marc Ross,
SLAC Perrine Royole-Degieux, GDE/LAL Kenji Saito,
KEK Andrei Seryi, SLAC Daniel Schulte, CERN John
Sheppard, SLAC Tetsuo Shidara, KEK Sasha
Skrinsky, Budker Institute Fumihiko Takasaki, KEK
(Asia dir.) Laurent Jean Tavian, CERN Nobuhiro
Terunuma, KEK Nobu Toge, KEK Nick Walker, DESY
(EU dep. dir.) William Willis, Columbia
University Andy Wolski, LBL Hitoshi Yamamoto,
Tohoku Univ Kaoru Yokoya, KEK 66 members
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• International Linear Collider Timeline

2005 2006 2007 2008
2009 2010
Global Design Effort
Project
Baseline configuration
Reference Design
Technical Design
ILC RD Program
Expression of Interest to Host
International Mgmt
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Global Design Effort organization-International
Management Phase
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Starting Point for the GDE
Superconducting RF Main Linac
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Parameters for the ILC

• Ecm adjustable from 200 500 GeV
• Luminosity ? ?Ldt 500 fb-1 in 4 years
• Ability to scan between 200 and 500 GeV
• Energy stability and precision below 0.1
• Electron polarization of at least 80
• The machine must be upgradeable to 1 TeV

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Scope of the 500 GeV machine

• Main linacs length 21 km, 20,000 RF cavities
  (total)
• RF power 600 10-MW klystrons and modulators
  (total)
• Cryoplants 6 plants, cooling power 30 kW (_at_4K)
  each
• Beam delivery length 3 km, 200 magnets
  (total)
• Damping ring circumference 6 km, 400 magnets
  (each)
• Beam power 22 MW total
• Site power 200 MW total
• Site footprint length 47 km (for option to
  future upgrade to 1 TeV)
• Bunch profile at IP 500 x 6 nm, about 300
  microns long

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Accelerator Physics Challenges

• Developing efficient high gradient
  superconducting RF systems
• Requires efficient RF systems, capable of
  accelerating high power beams (MW) with small
  beam spots (nm).
• Achieving nm scale high-power beam spots
• Requires generating high intensity beams of
  electrons and positrons
• Damping the beams to ultra-low emittance in
  damping rings
• Transporting the beams to the collision point
  without significant emittance growth or
  uncontrolled beam jitter
• Cleanly dumping the used beams.

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Affordability challenges
Civil
SCRF Linac
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GDE Design Approach
Create a baseline configuration for the machine
Document a concept for ILC machine with a
complete layout, parameters, etc. defined by the
end of 2005. This process continued much of the
design work of the past decade, including the
recent ILC workshops at KEK (Nov. 2004) and
Snowmass (Aug. 2005).
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GDE Baseline Design

• Make forward looking choices, consistent with
  attaining performance goals, and understood well
  enough to do a conceptual design and reliable
  costing by end of 2006. Technical and cost
  considerations will be an integral part in making
  these choices.
• Establish alternate configurations which may
  have cost and or performance benefits, but which
  need further RD for validation.
• - Baseline is under configuration control,with
  a defined process for changes to the baseline.

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ILC Baseline Configuration

• Configuration for 500 GeV machine with
  expandability to 1 TeV
• Some details locations of low energy
  acceleration crossing angles are not indicated
  in this cartoon.

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ILC Baseline Layout
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ILC Baseline Layout-IR area
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Baseline Gradient
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The Main Linac Configuration

• Klystron 10 MW (alternative sheet beam
  klystron)
• RF Configuration 3 Cryomodules, each with 8
  cavities
• Quads one every 24 cavities is enough

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Other Features of the Baseline

• Positron Source Helical Undulator with
  Polarized beams

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ILC Siting and Conventional Facilities

• The design is intimately tied to the features of
  the site
• 1 tunnels or 2 tunnels?
• Deep or shallow?
• Laser straight linac or follow earths curvature
  in segments?
• GDE ILC Design will be done to samples sites in
  the three regions
• North American sample site will be near Fermilab
• Japan and Europe are to determine sample sites by
  the end of 2005

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Americas Sample Site

• Design to sample sites from each region
• Americas near Fermilab
• Japan
• Europe CERN DESY
• Illinois Site depth 135m
• Glacially derived deposits overlaying Bedrock.
  The concerned rock layers are from top to bottom
  the Silurian dolomite, Maquoketa dolomitic shale,
  and the Galena-Platteville dolomites.

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GDE Reference Design and Technical Design

• A reference design and cost estimate will be
  carried out in 2006. A parametric design and
  costing approach will be used.
• Technical performance and physics performance
  will be evaluated for the reference design.
• Subsequently, in 2007 and beyond, a full
  Technical Design will be developed, based on a
  specific site, including a fully-developed cost
  estimate, and supported by a global RD program.
• The goal is to have the project ready for a
  construction start decision around 2010.

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Reference Design Report Matrix
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Preliminary unofficial draft tentative RDR
schedule (not yet confirmed)

• Jan 19-20 KEK meeting. Orient Area systems
  managers, define layouts and ML basic unit
• Feb 13-14 FNAL mtg Review ML and BDS optic,
  Iterate availability budgets, Agree to RDR
  Outline and writing assignments, Review costing
  methodology for SC cryomodules
• March 9-11 GDE, Bangalore Review costing
  procedures esp. SC cryomodules, Review AS
  progress and plans, Review design parameter
  balance, Review TS and GS progress and plans
  including resources, Review status on costing
  major linac items, Review/optimize linac civil
  layout after soliciting comments from experts
• April (tbc) DESY mtg Review RF power,
  cryomodule, and cavity TS, Review e-, e, RTML
  optics, DR Optics, Presentation on LLRF and beam
  instrumentation systems and cost estimates
• July 19-23 GDE, Vancouver Review ILC design and
  cost, Review AS physics studies, Review write-up
  progress, propose cost trades and design
  modifications
• Nov 6-8 GDE, Valencia Finalize RDR

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Test Facility at KEK
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Test Facility at SLAC
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TESLA Test Facility Linac - DESY
240 MeV
120 MeV
16 MeV
4 MeV
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Cryomodule string test ILCTA-NML at Fermilab
New Muon Lab (NML)
FNPL Photo-Injector

• Building a dedicated ILC cryomodule string test
  facility in the New Muon Lab
• Building is cleaned out except for removal of CCM
  ( in progress)
• Started to install cryogenic system
• Move FNPL Photo-injector to provide electron beam
  (Late FY06)
• Upgraded FNPL will provide beam tests of ILC
  cryomodules

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ILC Costs

• The ILC will be built as an international joint
  project, in which the three regions will
  contribute mainly in kind (specific components)
• The general concept is that the host country pays
  for most of the civil work and support
  infrastructure. This will be 25 of the total.
  This extra contribution by the host must be at a
  level where it is attractive to host the ILC.
  The high tech part of the project (75) will be
  equally shared by the three regions (at least
  that is the present thinking)
• Cost estimates must be done in the context of the
  in-kind contribution model.
• The cost estimate should provide a realistic and
  sufficient basis for the regions to make their
  decision on the scope of their involvement and
  to select the desirable systems/components for
  them to manufacture.
• An example of how this has been done is the ITER
  project

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International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
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ITER cost estimate

• Define procurement packages-information needed
  by suppliers to prepare contracts.
• Obtain estimates from suppliers in different
  regions.
• ITER project Central Team compares and
  re-evaluates estimates from the different
  regions.
• The Evaluated Cost Estimates are expressed in
  a globally unified virtual money, i.e. ITER Unit
  Account (IUA) . (1000 in Jan, 1989)
• These cost estimates are based on world market
  prices for standard material and equipment, and
  rates in IUA/hr for assembly labor and
  manufacturing support.

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ITER cost estimate

• This approach is taken to remove variations in
  costs due to differences in estimating practices
  and exchange rates in the several regions. This
  approach is most valid for items for which
  manufacturing processes are well defined.
• The detailed basic data in IUA can be used for
  cost optimization and cost reduction studies.
• These data are the basis on which the allotment
  of in-kind contributions to each region is made.
• Because the cost borne by a given region to
  supply its in-kind contribution will in general
  differ from the nominal cost in translated IUA,
  the actual cost of the ITER project will never be
  known.

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ILC Cost estimates

• ILC cost estimates must be done in the context of
  a project implemented through in-kind
  contributions.
• We will need to secure regional component cost
  estimates and evaluate these in terms of a
  globally defined cost unit. (ILC unit)
• The complete cost estimate will be translatable
  into a given regions currency and cost
  estimating methodology.
• Because of these differences, the projects cost
  on paper will appear different in different
  regions.

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ILC cost estimate

• Negotiations between the regions will decide the
  relative regional in-kind contributions, based on
  the values in ILC units.
• The host region will bear the conventional
  construction costs.
• In-kind contributions, which are the
  responsibility of the region to make good on
  their contribution, reduce the risk to the
  project.
• Central resources must have shared
  responsibility, and responsibility for
  non-delivery by a region must be shared by the
  collaboration in a pre-agreed manner.
• The true cost of the in-kind contributions will
  not be easily determined after completion of the
  project.
• Cost reduction strategies must be worked out with
  regional or international industrial partners.

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ILC Industrialization

• Three industrial forums have been formed to
  support the industrialization of the ILC

Linear Collider Forum of Japan Linear Collider
Forum of America European Superconducting RF Forum
The purpose of the Industrial Forums is to bring
industry, national laboratories, and universities
together at an early stage to plan the ILC in an
industrial context.
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Industrialization issues

• ILC will be viewed as a project, not a
  sustainable business area, therefore it must be
  prepared to fund one time manufacturing
  engineering and tooling costs.
• Long term funding uncertainties create barriers
  to major industry commitments to the ILC
• In general, technology will flow from labs to
  small companies small companies will partner
  with larger ones for full scale production
• ILC test facilities at key labs will accelerate
  tech transfer
• Specifications can be a major cost driver and
  must be critically evaluated
• Costs, risk and schedule are interrelated, must
  be understood and agreed to by everyone.

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Industrialization issues

• Infrastructure Issues
• For industry to invest in the large
  infrastructure required for ILC there would have
  to be a follow-on business or market
• the ILC project should plan on paying for the
  major infrastructure wherever it is built.
• Early standardization is important
• Can deal with whatever standards ILC chooses
• Risks
• Let industry make up its mind on risks
• Perceived risks will influence the actual cost of
  contracts from industry

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Cost Reductions viaindustrialization

• Each industrial company is characterized by its
  own production technologies including production
  facility, engineering skill, etc.
• When the design configuration and fabrication
  process of the ILC components fit to existing
  production technologies, cost may be reduced,
  because no additional investment is necessary.
• Reviews of product design and fabrication
  processes are therefore very important.

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Cost Reductions viaindustrialization

• Cost at industry scale fabrication is lower than
  that at laboratory scale fabrication. But dont
  expect too much for cost reduction through mass
  production, because ILC is not large enough for
  getting meaningful learning effects.
• Quantitative analysis, through industrial
  studies, is necessary.
• Joint factories can avoiding duplicated
  investments
• Electro-chemical polishing facility
• EBW facility
• Test facility using liquid helium
• These facilities might be used by industry with a
  reasonable charge (rental factory). It does not
  matter whether these facilities are located
  on-site or off-site.

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Conclusions

• The International Linear Collider is a major new
  particle accelerator for the precision study of
  fundamental physics at the TeV scale using ee-
  colliding beams.
• The project is being designed by an international
  team and will be executed as a fully
  international project, with participation from
  the Americas, Asia and Europe.
• The project offers major new challenges in
  accelerator design and accelerator technology
  development, cost optimization, the development
  of effective management structures for global
  collaboration, and trans-national
  industrialization.