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Parallels between Deixis and Tense

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'I maintain that three deictic words must be put at the ... exactly. adverb. 6.05. 10.63. 30.70. Top collocates for k tu. English. Grammatical Tag. MI-score ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Parallels between Deixis and Tense


1
Parallels between Deixis and Tense
  • Alexander Murzaku
  • College of St. Elizabeth
  • Morristown, NJ

2
Bühlers Origo
  • I maintain that three deictic words must be put
    at the place of O, if this scheme is to represent
    the deictic field of human language, namely the
    deictic words here, now and I.
  • Bühler, Karl. 1982. The deictic field of
    language and deictic words. In Jarwella, R. and
    W. Klein (eds.) Speech, Place, and Action. New
    York John Wiley and Sons.

3
Origo in 3-D
he/she ai/ajo
you ti
I unë
here këtu
past
present
future
there aty
yonder atje
4
Person-based deictic systems
  • starting hypothesis
  • këtu hic should co-occur often with first
    person expressions
  • aty istic should co-occur often with second
    person expressions
  • atje illic should co-occur often with third
    person expressions

unë ne këtu hic
ti ju aty istic
ai ata atje illic
5
Top collocates for këtu
English Grammatical Tag MI-score t-score z-score
përfshirë include participle 8.11 17.23 101.29
përfshi include participle (Gheg) 9.21 9.15 78.84
erdha come 1st simple perfect singular 8.89 6.06 46.79
mbaron end 3rd present singular 8.31 6.01 37.91
jam be 1st present singular 6.30 12.32 38.66
vij come 1st present singular 8.02 4.94 28.16
kujtojmë remember 1st present plural 7.86 4.92 26.58
jemi be 1st present plural 6.11 11.25 33.05
përmendur mention participle 6.92 6.13 23.86
pikërisht exactly adverb 6.05 10.63 30.70
6
Top collocates for aty
English Grammatical Tag MI-score T-score Z-score
aty there (istic) adverb 7.37 18.28 83.02
ndodheshin be situated 3rd imperfect plural 7.41 7.07 32.63
ndodhej be situated 3rd imperfect singular 6.93 7.59 29.70
diku somewhere adverb 6.76 5.93 21.80
mesi middle noun nominative 8.27 4.36 27.07
orës hour noun genitive 6.14 6.75 20.05
rri stay 1st/2nd/3rd present singular 6.82 4.15 15.59
pikërisht exactly adverb 5.82 8.88 23.65
jetojnë live 3rd present plural 6.08 5.29 15.38
mbërritur arrive participle 5.90 5.68 15.51
7
Top collocates for atje
English Grammatical Tag MI-score T-score Z-score
shkova go 1st simple perfect singular 8.10 5.83 34.12
shkuam go 1st simple perfect plural 8.34 4.57 29.14
shkuar go participle 6.47 8.63 28.68
shkonte go 3rd imperfect singular 6.86 5.89 22.48
shkoja go 1st imperfect singular 7.56 4.17 20.31
shkojë go 3rd present singular subjunctive 6.75 4.90 17.95
jetojnë live 3rd present plural 6.38 5.35 17.27
priste wait 3rd imperfect singular 6.86 4.27 16.24
atje there (illic) adverb 5.74 7.07 18.30
shkojmë go 1st present plural 7.23 3.79 16.40
8
Distribution of collocations
1st person 2nd person 3rd person
këtu 39 10 17
aty 8 2 46
atje 27 6 34
9
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10
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11
distal proximal
atë/këtë 11,228 62,972
atij/këtij 4,219 22,809
asaj/kësaj 4,604 20,048
atyre/këtyre 5,319 9,686
ato/këto 15,865 21,508
ajo/kjo 19,890 26,399
ai/ky 43,310 17,502
ata/këta 22,803 4,610
12
të ndërtohej një "qiellgërvishtës", ai që më vonë do ta njihnim si "15-katëshi".
për t'iu falur Zotit, ai sens pra do t'u jepte organizatorëve
Deri në datën 30 maj ai iu ka siguruar 5 vendparkime para shkollës
njerëzit e tij e bëjnë që, sidoqoftë, ai ta ketë mirë me kryeministrat
që thotë se ai ngjiste si hale me një copë mëndafshi.
Bombë Ylli Pangos, ai profesor akademik kishte një
të gjithë shkencëtarët dhe teknikët, dhe ky është një kusht i domosdoshëm
mban gjalle optimizmin se edhe ky moszhvillim i deritanishem i turizmit
Më në fund, ky libër nuk është shkruar vetëm për ata
një diletanti politik, qoftë ky edhe një personazh "legjendar e i stërnjohur"
sukses ideali i ekumenizmit, atëherë ky vend, kjo shoqëri është Shqipëria
shfaqet në rolin e Konstatinit, ndonëse ky i fundit prirej nga parimet pragmatike
13
ai ata ajo atyre ato atë atij asaj kjo ky këta këtë këto kësaj këtij këtyre
determinative 866 912 1,591 1,170 4,284 3,256 1,350 1,842 13,727 12,426 3,319 54,156 18,927 18,444 21,897 9,492
pronoun 42,444 21,891 18,299 4,149 11,581 7,972 2,869 2,762 12,672 5,076 1,291 8,816 2,581 1,604 912 194
14
ai atij atë asaj ajo këtë kësaj ata kjo ky këta atyre ato këtij këtyre këto
present 0.10 0.11 0.18 0.10 0.17 0.31 0.06 0.48 0.24 0.26 0.29 0.35 0.38 0.03 0.06 0.41
past 0.38 0.32 0.50 0.23 0.29 0.29 0.05 0.36 0.18 0.15 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.02 0.02 0.12
15
atyre/ata anomaly
  • ...ata të votojnë kundër atyre, të cilët e sollën
    shtetin
  • ...i përshkojnë njerëzit, kur ata bashkohen dhe
    formojnë turmën?
  • atyre has large collocation scores with the word
    që that (MI3.57, T10.39 and Z12.78) and
    cilët which
  • ata is used as an anaphora whose antecedent is a
    collective noun behaving like the generic they in
    English

16
Conclusions
  • Highest correlations
  • Pronoun -gt Distal
  • Distal -gt Past
  • Determinant -gt Proximal
  • Proximal -gt Present
  • Functionality
  • Distal as anaphora in narrative style low D
  • Distal as determinative strong D
  • Proximal as pronoun in discursive style strong D
  • Proximal as determinative same as article low D
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