Immunology

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Chapter 10

• Immunology
• gtProtecting the pond from invaders
• gtBirth control in the society of cells

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Infections

• Viruses
• Prions
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Protozoans
• Parasites
• Cancer

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Natural Immunity

• Evolutionary learning
• Its genetic
• Bacteria (cell wall)
• Viruses (double stranded RNA)

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Extracellular Infections
Macrophages Attracted by local inflammation and
damage
Gains a pool of antigens for presentation to
cells of specific immunity Sends out chemical
signals that attract other immune cells
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Intracellular Infection
Natural Killer Cells
Attacks infected human cells Sends out chemical
messages that attract and excite other cells of
the immune system
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Immune Recognition

• Self tolerance
• Non-self intolerance
• Both are learned
• The environment of presentation is the key to the
  distinction

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Antibody Molecules
Proteins all of which are not directly coded in
the DNA
Variable Region
Constant Region
The variable region sticks to something
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Cells of Specific Immunity

• All are born in the bone marrow
• Maturation is learning how to make a single
  unique protein (antibody) that binds to something
• Splicing the DNA (cutting and pasting parts of
  the chromosome)

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B-Lymphocytes

• Born in the bone marrow
• Matures in the bone marrow
• Death to those that recognize self
• Life to those that dont recognize self
• Environment determines the decision

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Mature B-Lymphocyte encountering the antigen it
recognizes
Divide
Release antibodies
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Free antibodies bind to their antigen which mark
the carrier of the antigen for destruction
Compliment proteins
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Antibodies mark organisms for destruction by
phagocytes
Marked organism
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T-Lymphocytes

• Born in the bone marrow
• Matures in the thymus gland
• Many types (eg. helper t-cells, cytotoxic t-cells
  etc)
• Keep their antigen on their surface and attack as
  a cell
• Death to those that recognize self

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T-Lymphocyte being presented an antigen that it
recognizedby a macrophage
Divide
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T-Lymphocytes attack as cells
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Immune Responses

• Sometimes both B-cells and T-cells
• Sometimes only one
• Takes about 7 days
• After the response, memory cells remain to
  protect against future invasion by the same
  organism
• Then why can we get flu more than once?
• Mutations

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Immune responses can be destructive

• Bacterial meningitis
• Shock
• Asthma
• Sepsis

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Vaccines

• The best defense is a good offence
• Active immunization
• Introduce the structures of the organism in
  advance to create memory cells
• Response of memory cells is immediate
• Dead virus vaccines (not very effective)
• Live virus vaccines (more effective but more
  dangerous you can get the disease)

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Passive Immunization

• Rare but deadly circumstances
• Snake bites
• Toxins
• gtIntroduce the compound into slowly into another
  animal (cow, sheep, pig, goat etc) to develop an
  immune response
• gtTake the blood of the animal and use the
• antibodies
• gtIn fuse the antibodies in an emergence

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Passive Immunization
However, you are now allergic to the serum of the
animal used to make the anti-serum (anaphylactic
shock)
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Blood Type Incompatibility

• The presence of antibodies against the type(s) of
  blood you dont have

Blood Type Antibodies
Against
A
B
B
A
AB
No Antibodies
O
Both A and B
Type O (Zero) the absence of A and B antigens
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Inheritance
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What Does the Rh positive () or Rh negative (-)
mean?
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Rh Disease in the New Born

• An Rh negative woman does not have the Rh antigen
• An Rh positive baby will immunize her to the Rh
  antigen
• First time- no problem
• Mothers immune system will try to destroy the
  blood of subsequent Rh positive babies

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Transplantation

• Only identical twins are molecularly identical
• More or less means a lot to the immune system
• Immunosuppressive drugs

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Corticosteroids (synthetic glucocorticoids)

• Muscle wasting
• Fat deposition
• Arteriosclerosis
• Steroid diabetes
• Osteoporosis
• Immune deficiency

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Immunodeficiency

• Some inherited
• Transplant
• Chemotherapy
• HIV

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus

• A retrovirus
• Genetic material is RNA
• Infects T-Lymphocytes and Macrophages
• Reverse transcriptase
• High mutation rate
• Drugs target the proteins

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Autoimmune diseases

• Self being viewed as non-self
• Lupus
• Myasthenia gravis
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Arthritis
• Celiacs disease
• Etc
• Why?

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Cancer

• Your immune system should protect you
• An infection from within
• A maverick clone
• Looks like embryonic cells
• Doesnt pay attention to the signals
  controlling cell division

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Drugs

• Immunosuppression
• Corticosteroids
• Others
• Anti-inflammatory
• COX 1
• COX 2
• Cytokines