A Cradle to Grave Analysis

1
Lead

• A Cradle to Grave Analysis
• Author Jennifer So
• Race Poverty and the Urban Environment
• Professor Raquel R. Pinderhughes
• Urban Studies Program
• San Francisco State University, Spring 2003
• Permission to use material herein, only if
  author, sources, course, university, and
  professor are credited!

2
This presentation focuses on lead

• It is designed to help you to understand how our
  over-consumption of a natural resource touches
  our lives and the lives of our brothers and
  sisters around the globe. It takes you through
  the cradle to grave lifecycle of lead, paying
  particular attention to the social,
  environmental, and health impacts of the
  processes associated with lead.

3
We start by looking at

• The lead extraction process
• Where it is located and how it is taken from the
  ecosystem
• How much is extracted
• Uses for lead

4
We then move on to

• The environmental impacts of lead extraction
• Water contamination, environment disrupted, lead
  dust created

5
Followed by

• Lead workers
• Health impacts
• Types of jobs associated with lead
• Case studies

6
This is followed by

• Impacts on the community
• Near the smelters/mines
• Low-income communities
• Their access to resources
• Such as lead removal

7
Next we will explore

• The Red Dog Mine in Alaska, A case study
• The largest lead mine in the world
• Who owns it?
• The indigenous community
• Their health affected, environment affected,
  balance disrupted
• Unfulfilled promises, sneaky tactics

8
We will also take a closer look at

• Lead-acid batteries, a global problem
• Disposal of the product
• Recycling
• Secondary lead smelters
• The lack of infrastructure needed to ensure
  proper disposal
• Loopholes in policies, corporate cover up (Basal
  Convention)
• Indigenous people

9
Finally we will examine

• Social and environmental injustice
• Thoughts about race, class, and the environment
  with regards to the lifecycle of lead

10
Where Does Lead Come From?

• Lead comes from the mineral Galena
• Galena is then mined from man-made
• underground tunnels or mine shafts (Aber)
• Mine Pits
• The process is extremely costly financially and
  to the environment
• The Buick Lead Mine, MO spends
• 2 Million/Yr. To operate underground equipment
  (Aber)
• 3 Million/Yr. To operate equipment above ground
  (Aber)

11

• Lead in Galena Mineral
• (http//www.ceia-bc.com/connections/toxic.html)
• Lead Mine pit
• (http//www.northern.org/artman/publish/images/red
  dog-pit.jpg)

12
Taking Lead From the Ecosystem

• Miners set off a huge explosion to cut galena
  from the mine walls (Aber)
• Blasts create pits, shafts or tunnels
• Devastating the ecosystem
• In some mines, water pumped in huge quantities
  out of the mine to prevent flooding (Aber)
• The Buick Lead Mine (Missouri) pumps over
  8,500,000 gallons of water out each day (Aber)
• Huge tractors load the galena onto transport
  trucks (Aber)
• Tractors use lead-acid batteries

13

• Blasting operation to form mine pit
• (http//www.channel6.dk/native/uk/page213.html)

14

• Truck in open mine pit
• (http//www.channel6.dk/native/uk/page213.html)

15
Where does the lead go?

• The galena is taken to a mill and crushed in a
  rod and ball machine (Aber)

• Rod and Ball machine and crushed Galena from
  lead mine
• (http//www.emporia.edu/earthsci/outreach/leadmill
  .htm)

16

• (http//www.emporia.edu/earthsci/outreach/leadmill
  .htm)
• Large, uncovered trucks transport crushed galena
  to the lead smeltering plant (Aber)
• Dust flies off of truck
• Truck uses a lead-acid battery

17
Lead Smelter

• Crushed Galena put into suspension tank with
• Water
• Dithiophosphate chemical
• A brown-black corrosive liquid with a pungent
  odor, only slightly soluble in water
  (www.chemnet.com)
• Chemical reaction takes place creating froth
• Separates lead from other ores (sulfides)
  (www.chemnet.com)
• Lead clings to froth (www.ldaint.org)
• Froth hardens and is skimmed off (www.ldaint.org)
• Result90 lead concentrate
• Lead roasted, forms clumps called sinter
  (www.mynoranda.net)
• Sinter mined with coke (made from coal) and
  blasted with hot air (www.mynoranda.net)
• Result from chemical reaction is lead bullion
  (www.mynoranda.net)

18

• Froth flotation cell
• Lead froth waiting to be skimmed off
• Image
• (http//www.emporia.edu/earthsci/outreach/leadmill
  .htm)

19
How much lead is extracted?What is the lead used
for?

• How much?
• In the year 2000, mining companies worldwide
  responsible for producing 3,100,000 metric tons
  of lead (U.S.Census Bureau)
• Lead uses and examples
• lead acid batteries (car/truck batteries), cable
  sheathing(insulation for wires, even christmas
  light wires), lead sheeting, radiation shielding
  (x-ray bibs), glass, ceramic glazes (old coffee
  mugs), pigments (lead paint in older homes),
  stabilizers for PVC, solders and low melting
  point alloys, lead shot (ammunition), weights,
  bearings, seismic damping, stained glass windows
  (in churches/homes, etc) (www.brm.co.uk/lead/uses
  .htm)
• Lead-acid batteries (also known as Start Light
  Ignition SLI batteries)
• account for 84 of all lead use

20
SLI batteries account for 84 of lead
use(http//www.ldaint.org/information.htm)
21
What happens to the unwanted ores and waste?

• Material leftover is called tailings (EPA 2003)
• Tailings composed of
• Wastewater
• Dithiophosphate
• Zinc ore
• Sulfides
• Garbage from mine workers discarded on landscape
  as well
• Image
• (http//www.abyss.kgs.ku.edu/pls/abyss/pubcat.phdl
  )

22
Where do the Tailings Go?

• After tailings accumulate, they are dumped along
  with waste water, into tailing ponds (EPA 2003)
• Ponds are unlined holes in the ground (EPA 2003)
• Heavy metals and chemicals leech into the soil!
• Chemicals/metals migrate into the water supply,
  especially when it rains (EPA 2003)

23
Amount of waste

• Amount of poisons dumped into ponds is
  outrageous!
• Doe Run Mine alone in 1998 generated 4,965,000
  metric tons of process water into unlined
  surface impoundments (EPA 2003)
• The year 2000, Doe Run admitted to the release of
  2.2 million pounds of lead into the environment
  (this excludes the amount they failed to report)
  (Sierra Club 2003)
• Cherokee County, KS, another mining company left
  behind tailings that covered 4,000 acres of land
  (KGS 2003)

24

• Lead contaminating
• nearby stream
• (http//www.kgs.ku.edu/extension/ozark/mining.html
  )
• Accumulation of tailings
• (http//www.abyss.kgs.ku.edu/pls/abyss/pubcat/phdl
  .selectphotoscounty)
• Waste water
• (http//www.osha-slc.gov/SLIC/etools/leadsmelter/s
  melting/index.htm)

25
Damage After Mine Closes

• Even after a mine closes, poisons continue to
  devastate the land
• There is tremendous geological damage
• Remember, miners pump mass quantities of water
  out of mine to prevent flooding
• But, after mine is closed, mine often floods
• Flood water contains oil from equipment, sulfide
  materials (EPA)
• Chemical reaction takes place as water
  acidifies-changing ore into heavy metals (EPA)
• Contaminated water flows into streams and wells
• Animals use to drink, humans use for recreation
  and fishing, aquatic life contaminated (KGS)

26

• Man-made lake filled with poisonous water (KGS)
• (http//www.kgs.edu/extension/ozark/mining.html)

27
Geological disruption

• Mine pits, shafts, and tunnels unnaturally change
  geologic structure
• Example Doe Run Mine, Missouri (Aber)
• 9 miles long
• 1,240 feet deep
• 700 feet wide
• Why?
• Because 3,400 tons of ore are mined each day!

28

• Mining activities leave huge holes in landscape
• Many holes are filled in by the mining company
• But the material used to fill often consists of
  tailings and waste (EPA)
• Backfill at Charleston Lead Mine
• (azwww.az.blm.gov/mines/charleston.htm)

29

• Devastating geological effects
• (http//www.nothern.org/artman/publish/images/red-
  dog-pit.jpg)

30
Lead Dust

• Can be from
• Mining activities
• Lead smelting
• Lead-based paint in older homes
• Has great impacts on the community including
• Lead industry workers
• Live in communities around lead mines
• People that live in older homes with lead-based
  paint

31

• Lead dust from
• lead-based paint
• being scraped
• htp///lbl.gov/ehs/lead/html/exposure.htm

32
Lead Dust and Workers

• According to the Occupational Safety and Health
  Administration (OSHA)
• Over exposure to lead is the leading cause of
  workplace illness (OSHA)
• Lead mine/smelter workers may be exposed to lead
  when
• Handling/cleaning the dust collection system,
  from improperly maintained collection systems,
  from settled dust in the area, and from liquid
  containing lead that may have splashed onto a
  worker or an object and has turned into lead dust
  (OSHA)

33
Other Occupations That Expose Workers to Lead

• Occupations that involve the removal of lead
  coatings (such as striping of old paint,
  demolition of old structures, home renovation,
  house lead abatement projects, steel bridge
  maintenance), jobs involving heating, machining
  or spraying lead products (such as radiator
  repair, battery repair, welding, cutting,
  brazing, machining, grinding lead alloys, repair
  or removal of water lines using lead
  piping/solder, electricians, stained glass window
  repair, and firing ammunition), and jobs
  involving the making of lead products (such as
  lead-acid battery manufacturing, glaze
  manufacturing, lead-glazed pottery making, pewter
  production, cable production, stained glass
  production, paint and ink manufacture, mixing and
  weighing of lead powders, manufacture of lead
  sheeting, ammunitions manufacture, glass blowing,
  housing and construction and caulking
  manufacture) (www.haz-map.com/lead.htm)

34
How Lead is Absorbed Into the Body

• Lead is absorbed directly into the body by
• Touching, breathing, swallowing lead or lead dust
  (OSHA)
• Or ingesting lead paint chips (OSHA)
• Lead workers bring lead dust into the home on
• Their cars, clothing, skin, hair, and shoes
• Lead then distributed to
• Blood, kidney, bone marrow, liver, brain, bones
  and teeth (OSHA)
• Constant overexposure to lead causes lead to
  build up in the body (EPA)
• Levels of lead above 10 micrograms of lead per
  deciliter of blood (10 mg/dl)danger to human
  body (EPA)

35
Lead in Body (http//www.epa.nsw.gov.au/leadsafe/b
ody.htm)
36
Health Consequences of Lead Exposure

• Once lead is absorbed into the body, there are
  numerous health consequences
• Including
• Joint/muscle pain, high blood pressure, memory
  loss, damage to fertility, nerve damage, damage
  to internal organs (Finlay)
• At high levels of exposure effects include
• Fits, coma, even death (Finlay)
• Most humans are not adequately informed of the
  health risks! (Finlay)

37
Health Consequences Children

• Effects even more devastating in children,
  especially children under 6 yrs. of age (EPA)
• Children pick up lead from playgrounds/soil, and
  ingest lead when they put their hands in their
  mouths (EPA)
• Fetuses exposed suffer low birth weight,
  impaired hearing, altered gestational age (EPA)
• Even trace amounts of lead can damage a childs
  still developing body
• Affects developing nervous system, stunt growth,
  affect attention span, learning disabilities
  (such as ADHD), lower IQ scores impair hearing,
  cause behavioral problems (EPA)

38
Lead Workers Case Studies

• Man who specialized in lead abatement (lead
  removal) became ill, experienced
• Nausea, confusion
• Thought he might be lead poisoned, sought doctors
  help, received no support
• Only when a safety organization demanded his
  blood lead levels be tested, worker found to be
  poisoned
• His blood lead level110 mg/dl
• (Remember, safe level is 10 mg/dl)
• (The Lead Group 1996)

39
Case Study 2

• A doctor reported that his patient, a cadmium
  factory worker
• Was collapsing
• Blood lead testing determined
• Patients blood lead level24 mg/dl
• (The Lead Group 1996)

40
Lead Also Affects Those Who Do Not Work With Lead

• Lead dust from smelters/mines become
  airborne-deposit in and around the community
• Tailings from mining activities leech chemicals
  and ores into water supplies-even thousands of
  miles away

41
Wildlife Case Study

• Near Bunker Hill Smelter
• Swans lost their ability to swallow
• Due to lead poisoning from environment
• Caused them to starve to death (Sierra Club 2003)

• (http//www.cv81pl.freeserve.co.uk/default.htm)

42
Town Near Smelter Case Study

• Deadwood Gulch (town near lead smelter)
• Woman learns her 2 children have been lead
  poisoned
• Childrens blood lead levels122 mg/dl and 111
  mg/dl (www.ldaint.org)

(http//www.glcac.org/lead.htm)
43
Organic Vegetables Case Study

• In Nebraska
• Barb Brunton unknowingly poisoned herself /her
  family
• Via the organic vegetables she was growing in
  soil poisoned by ASARCO lead smelter nearby
  (Sierra Club 2003)

(http//www.iol.ie/niallob/green.html)
44
Low-Income Communities

• There are more cases of lead poisoning in
  low-income communities and/or communities of
  color, than any other community (Bullard 1998)
• African American children poisoned by lead at 2
  times rate of white children (Bullard 1998)
• At all income levels and at low-income levels
• Over 28.4 of all low-income African American
  children are lead poisoned (Bullard 1998)
• Compared to 9.8 of white children (Bullard
  1998)

45
Overlooked Communities

• Although agencies like the EPA and OSHA are
  concerned with the environment/communities
• There is a tendency to overlook low-income
  communities of color while helping others
• Lead based paints were banned in 1978, but
• 38 million U.S. houses and apartments still have
  lead based paint present (NLIHC)
• 25 million still have lead based paint hazards
  somewhere in the home (NLIHC)
• Households with annual incomes below
  30,000-twice as likely to as others to have lead
  hazards in their homes (NLIHC)
• Families at higher income levels can either
  afford to move or hire a specialist to remove
  lead

46
Dr. Robert Bullard

• Government has been slow to ask the question of
  who gets help and who does not, who can afford
  help and who can not, why some contaminated
  communities get studied while others get cleaned
  up, why industry poisons some communities and not
  others, why preventable diseases (like lead
  poisoning) are allowed to plague our children,
  why unjust, unfair, illegal policies and
  practices go unpunished
• (Bullard 1998)

47
Town of Alsen, LA Case Study

• Deemed cancer alley
• Huge amounts of documented/undocumented cases of
  cancer due to ongoing presence of toxic
  industries such as lead smelters (Greenpeace)
• Town residents predominantly African American-99
  of the 1,500 residents (Greenpeace)
• It seems to be no accident that the town is host
  to some of the biggest polluting
  industries/constant recipient of new toxic
  industries

48
Red Dog Mine, Alaska

• Largest Lead Mine in the
• World
• On 2.3 million acres of land (Alaska Miners
  Association 2003)
• Largest producer of lead in U.S.
• Also reason Alaska made top 5 list of most
  polluted states (Indymedia)
• Red Dog had 450,000,000 lbs. Toxic releases in
  year 2000 alone (Indymedia)
• Poisons destroy environment/community members

49
Who Owns Red Dog?

• Owned by Tech Cominco Ltd. of Canada
• Operated by joint venture between Cominco and
  Northwestern Alaska Native Association (NANA)
• NANAcorporation of native shareholders that owns
  land mine is built on
• A for profit organization, started by native
  Alaskans and indigenous tribe leaders
• Owns the 2.3 million acres Red Dog is on
• But rights to minerals discovered on lands held
  by Tech Cominco not NANA! (http//imcg.wr.usgs.gov
  /)

(http//www.teckcominco.com/)
(http//www.nana.com/)
50
Kivalina community

• Cominco, Ltd. promised jobs and community
  services/benefits from mines
• Most attractive offer-52 mile haul roadlink to
  coast/export of lead (http//imcg.wr.usgs.gov/)
• But poisons from mines only caused devastation
• Kivalina closest community to Red Dog (Planet Ark
  2002)
• 380 people of Inupiat descent (U.S. Census 2000)
• Mine employs only 21/380 Inupiat people (U.S.
  Census 2000)
• More astonishing is that 60 of those Inupiat
  employees are shareholders of NANA
• Shareholding employees earn wages exceeding
  15 million paid annually (www.bearingsea.com/)

51
Red Dog Mine Location
Red Dog Mine
(http//www.articcircle.uconn.edu/seej/Reddog/)
52
Red Dog Mine Near Villages
(http//www.nwartic.org/region.htm)
53
Who Benefits From the Mine?

• With funds paid up front by Teck Cominco, NANA
  starts Maniilaq (non-profit branch of NANA)
• Maniilaq provides some jobs and services for
  community
• Yet according to census median household income
  in 20000 and 37.93 of residents living below
  poverty level (www.beringsea.com/)
• Implies the jobs dont pay meaningful wage
• 68.8 of area around Red Dog is Native
• Yet only Teck Cominco and shareholders stand to
  benefit from the mine

54
Comincos Version

• Compare the Census facts against Teck Comincos
  version of the story
• Alaskan state officials continually point to Red
  Dog as a model of cooperation between government,
  Alaskan Natives, and industry in developing
  natural resources in a responsible manner,
  building a strong economic base and providing
  jobs with high wages . Red Dog has fulfilled its
  original mandate to create lasting, skilled
  employment for the NANA people, provide
  opportunity for NANAs youth, and act as a
  catalyst for regional economic benefit (Teck
  Cominco, Ltd.)

55
(http//www.teckcominco.com/articles/operations/re
-sharedvalues.pdf)
56
Red Dog Haul Road

• The 52-mile haul road that was originally so
  attractive is now full of poisons
• Ore trucks (owned by Teck Cominco) use the road
  to transport 1.1 million dry tons of lead-zinc
  concentrate annually from mine to port site on
  Chukchi Sea (Ford and Hasselbach 2001)
• The trucks arent covered-lead dust flies off
  onto road/into nearby community
• As road traveled over and over, more dust is
  kicked up and becomes airborne (OBrien 2001)

Red Dog Haul Road (http//www.chanel6.dk/native/
uk/page213.html)
57
Barges used to transport lead leave from port
site at Kivalina
(http//www.channel6.dk/native/uk/page213.html)
58
Lead Levels Along Road

• Lead levels along haul road 400 parts per
  million (Greatly exceeding safe levels)
• Yet the road can only be considered for clean up
  if the levels exceed 1,000 parts per million
  (Anchorage Daily News 2001)
• Haul road classified as industrial site-means
  amount of lead present can be higher than a
  residential area (O'Brien 2001)

59
Kivalina Village

• Inhabited by Inupiat tribe
• They rely on hunting/gathering/fishing as primary
  source of food and water (OBrien 2001)
• Water supply greatly contaminated by mining
  activities, Inupiat people are being poisoned
• But State of Alaska refuses to industrial status
  of an area thats clearly residential in order to
  get area cleaned up (OBrien 2001)

60
Village of Kivalina Near Red Dog Mine
(http//www.arctic.com/kivalina.jpg)
61
Kivalina Council

• Year 2001, Kivalina IRC Council, which represents
  Native Village of Kivalina wrote,
• Even a housewife knows that with a sweep, dust
  will fly (Kivalina IRC Council 2001)
• Council requests road be shut down, the State of
  Alaska refuses
• Too much money results from road existence, but
  the opportunity costs are not monetary, they are
  in the form of human lives

62
Mine Contamination

• Run-off from tailing piles at mine site kill fish
  needed for food (Kivalina IRC Council 2001)
• Chemicals from tailings piles leech into soil
  used to grow food and to support environment
  (Kivalina IRC Council 2001)
• No fences to prevent animals from being exposed
  to festering contaminated mining waste
  (Kivalina IRC Council 2001)

63
Inupiat Question Drinking Water

• In Kivalina village, water from infrastructure
  put into place is contaminated with brown scum
  (Kivalina IRC Council 2001)
• When questions, a representative from State of
  Alaska implies that the Inupiat people are
  responsible and are too ignorant to care for or
  store their water
• That they dont store the water properly and keep
  it too long (State of Alaska 2002)
• But residents never experienced brown scum before
  mining began

64
The Bottom Line

• Teck Cominco saw an opportunity to mine for
  resources in Alaska
• Told Alaska Native population that they would
  benefit greatly from turning their land over to
  Teck Cominco
• Could improve their standard of living by putting
  a new infrastructure into place
• But only thing Cominco succeeded in accomplishing
  was political and economic disruption of Native
  owned lands
• Completely disrupted balance of environment and
  culture

65
Disposal of Lead Acid BatteriesPart 1

• The problem of social/environmental injustice
  affects not only us here in the United States,
• The problem is global
• It links us to our brothers and sisters overseas
  as well
• Lead industry tells us that at the end of its
  first life, a sound alternative to throwing away
  lead acid batteries is to recycle

66
Lead Grids Inside SLI Battery
(http//www.greenhouse.gov/au.renewable/technologi
es/enabling/)
67
Disposal of Lead Acid BatteriesPart 2

• Lead acid batteries (also called start, light,
  ignition-SLI batteries)
• Used to power cars, trucks, tractors, forklifts,
  and generators (Battery Council 2003)
• SLI batteries account for 84 of lead use (Aber)
• When battery is recycled, it is placed into
  crusher to crack batteries open (Battery Council
  2003)
• Then, lead grid contained in battery is removed
  mechanically (Battery Council 2003)
• Melted down at secondary lead smelter (Battery
  Council 2003)

68
Disposal of Lead Acid BatteriesPart 3

• 93 of all lead acid battery lead is recycled
• This encourages people to recycle used batteries
• Battery council fails to tell you that it takes
  huge amounts of energy to run machines to crush
  battery, extract lead grid, run smelter (EPA
  1994)
• Also, effects of secondary lead smelter to
  environment and community are similar to the
  original smelting process (water run-off, lead
  dust, soil pollution, water pollution) (EPA 1994)

69
Most Lead Acid Batteries are recycled, but
Recycling is not always the best option
(http//www.batterycouncil.org/recycling.html)
70
Contamination From SLI Batteries Case Study

• Alaska Battery Enterprises site superfund site
  because of lead contamination (EPA 2002)
• Soil had become contaminated
• ABE had been disposing of lead acid directly onto
  the soil/burying battery casings in the ground
  (EPA 2002)
• EPA notes the town of Fairbanks, Alaska is only
  11 ½ miles away, population 22,600 people, 12
  schools located within 3 miles of ABE (EPA 2002)

71
U.S. Connections to the Philippines Part 1

• Lead industry also fails to tell us that most of
  the used SLI batteries end up at secondary
  smelters/public landfills overseas in guise of
  recycling (Inter Press Service)
• Company called Philippine Recyclers, Inc. (PRI)
  Imports used car batteries from developed
  countries, recovers lead from them and molds them
  into the (lead) plated used in new batteries
  (Inter Press Service)
• Since 1991, Philippines has imported 76,256 tons
  of used SLI batteries (Inter Press Service)
• But No infrastructure to regulate
  extraction/disposal processes of overseas
  recycling companies (Inter Press Service)

72
U.S. Connections to the Philippines Part 2

• Thus, environment becomes polluted, communities
  health of people in nearby communities affected
  (Inter Press Service)
• Residents complain of burning eyes/sore throats
  (Inter Press Service)
• Children swim/play in pools of toxic waste formed
  outside PRI and its dumping sites (Inter Press
  Service)
• Another abhorrent fact is that some indigenous
  adults and children in Philippines crack open
  battery cases with their bare hands , sell them
  to secondary lead smelter for only .38 cents a
  kilo! (Inter Press Service)

73
U.S. Connections to the Philippines Part 3

• PRIs effluent water has lead level of 26,000
  parts per million! (Inter Press Service)
• Basal Convention supposed to regulate
  transboundary movement of hazardous waste yet
  90 of exported waste continues to flow overseas
  (Inter Press Service)
• Toxic waste trade flourishes in the developing
  world, at a time when lead smeltering is becoming
  too environmentally risky and costly for
  industrialized countries to do at home (Inter
  Press Service)
• Residents have no say in what industries move
  overseas, must endure countless health problems
  so that the lead industry can flourish

74
So What Are We Willing to Give Up? Part 1

• True, there are many uses for lead that we would
  want to keep in our lives
• Such as bibs made of lead that protect us from
  x-ray radiation
• But this does not mean we have to mine in such
  excess
• During colonialism, people felt the need to
  overuse resources and exploit indigenous people
• But if we keep mining at this rate, there will be
  nothing left to mine!

75
So What Are We Willing to Give Up? Part 2

• Nevertheless, the development model that we know
  continues to treat small scale rural
  organizations as unemployment
• It says people who are living in ways that do not
  allow them to use the natural resource base dont
  count and can be exploited
• Sadly, the model is used all over the world
  exploiting resources and people

76
So What Are We Willing to Give Up? Part 3

• A few have access to all the resources and all
  have a similar experience
• But many others have limited access to resources
  depending on their social status
• The few have decided that the world must become
  industrialized and will put an infrastructure
  into place for industrial growth wherever they
  see an opportunity
• The environment, you and I, and our brothers and
  sisters all over the world, must suffer because
  of industrial growth and greed

77
So What Are We Willing to Give Up? Part 4

• Access to resources combined with racism is
  dangerous
• Consequently, indigenous communities and
  communities of color are being displaced and
  exploited because they Dont count in our
  community (Pinderhughes 2003)

78
So What Are We Willing to Give Up? Part 5

• There is no denying the fact that there are
  well-documented cases, such as the injustices
  done to the Inupiat people and lands, that prove
  communities of color and indigenous people are
  intentionally exposed to toxins at a much higher
  rate via,
• Rules, regulations and policies or government or
  corporate decisions that deliberately target
  certain communities for least desirable land
  uses, resulting in the disproportionate exposure
  of toxic and hazardous waste on communities based
  upon certain prescribed biological
  characteristics (Environmental Racism Definition)

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Can We Make A Change?

• In order for change to happen, we need to see and
  understand how the world is organized
• In order to see where the opportunities for
  change are
• And we must see our own role in change
• Its not hard to change the way we produce,
  distribute and consume goods
• But it is difficult to change the ideologies we
  humans have internalized for so many generations

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• We are all connected in direct and indirect ways
  to the environment and to our brothers and
  sisters all around the world

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We Are All Connected to One Another, Part 1

• Lead poisoning is not only happening in our own
  backyards
• Its happening in overseas communities and
  environments as well
• Its so easy to say out of sight, out of mind,
  but we are all experiencing lead exposure,
  although at different levels

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We Are All Connected to One Another, Part 2

• When I hang up Christmas lights made overseas
• I am touching the same lead dust coating on the
  wires that a lead worker somewhere far away
  touched as well
• When you get in your car and start the engine
• You may be using the same lead that was sold by a
  small child, to a secondary smelter in the
  Philippines, for .38 cents
• When the old apartment complex I live in sands
  off the paint in the hallway, only for aesthetic
  purposes
• My neighbors breathe in the same lead dust that I
  inhaled and the painter inhaled

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We Need to Realize ..

• We are all participating in something so much
  larger than ourselves (Johnson 1997) and we need
  to open our eyes to the fact that there are so
  many who do not have the opportunity to,
• Interact with confidence that their environment
  is safe, nurturing, and productive (Who
  cannot) realize their highest potential, without
  experiencing isms, (and who do not have
  access to) decent paying and safe jobs quality
  schools and recreation decent housing and
  adequate health care democratic decision-making
  and personal empowerment (or) communities free
  of violence, drugs, and poverty (Environmental
  Justice Definition)

84
References
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Visuals Credits

• 1. Aber, Susan Ward, Missouri is a State of Lead
  Mines,
• http//www.emporia.edu/earthsci/outreach/leadmill
  .htm
• (25 March 2003).
• 2. Alaska Industrial Development and Export
  Authority, Virtual Tour of the
• Red Dog Mine, http//www.aidea.org/tour.htm (25
  March 2003).
• 3. Arizona Bureau of Land Management, Charleston
  Lead Mine,
• http//azwww.az.blm.gov/mines/charleston.htm
  (25 March 2003).
• 4. Arctic Circle, http//w2ww.arcticcircle.uconn.
  edu/seeJ/Reddog/
• (20 March 2003).
• 5. Battery Council International,
  http//www.batterycouncil.org/recycling.html
• (25 February 2003).
• 6. Channel 6 Television, Images from documentary
  Native Experience,
• http//www.chanel6.dk/native/uk/page213.html
  (25 March 2003).
• 7. Chicago Lead.Org, Lead Dust Exposure
  Pathways,
• http//www.chicagolead.org/educationtools/leaddus
  tpathway.html (25 March 2003).
• 8. Communities Red Dog Mine, http//www.beringse
  a.com/ (20 March 2003).
• 9. Conservation GIS Support Center, Map by David
  Pray,
• http//www.conservationcenter.org/maps/html/reddo
  g.html (20 February 2003).
• 10. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
  http//www.epa.gov/region7/citizens/cbep/joplin.ht
  m

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• 15. Heart of England, http//www.cv81pl.freeserve
  .co.uk/default.htm (27 March 2003).
• 16. Kansas Geological Survey, http//www.kgs.ku.e
  du/extension/ozark/mining.html (26 February
  2003).
• 17. Kivalina Alaska, http//www.geocities.com/che
  ermomtoo/kivalina.html (20 February 2003).
• 18. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
  http//www.lbl.gov/ehs/lead/html (25 March
  2003).
• 19. Mining, http//www.abyss.kgs.ku.edu/pls/abyss
  /pubcat.phdl.selectphotocounty?f_cnty21 (5 May
  2003).
• 20. NANA Development Corporation,
  http//www.nana.com/ (25 February 2003).
• 21. Northwest Arctic Borough School District,
  http//www.nwarctic.org/region.htm (15 April
  2003).
• 22. Northern Alaska Environmental Center,
  http//www.northern.org/artman/publish/images/red-
  dog-pit.jpg
• (7 April 2003).
• 23. Teck Cominco, http//www.teckcominco.com/
  (2 March 2003).
• 24. The Australian Greenhouse Office,
  http//www.greenhouse.gov.au/renewable/technologie
  s/enabling/
• (20 February 2003).
• 25. The Lead Group, http//www.ldaint.org/informa
  tion.htm (20 February 2003).
• 26. U.S. Department of Labor, Safety and Health
  Topics Lead, http//www.osha-slc.gov/SLIC/etools/
  leadsmelter/smelting/index (20 April 2003).
• 27. White Alice Project, http//www.arcticflash.c
  om/kivalina.jpg (10 April 2003).