Culture Change in the Modern World

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Chapter 16

• Culture Change in the Modern World

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Chapter Outline

• Making the Modern World
• Independence and Poverty
• Looking to the Future

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World Population

• About 2 million years ago, our remote ancestors
  numbered perhaps 100,000.
• By the time the first agricultural societies were
  developing 10,000 years ago, world population had
  reached 5 million to 10 million people.
• Two thousand years ago there were only about 250
  million people in the world.
• By 1750, this had tripled to 750 million.

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World Population

• In 1800, there were 1 billion people in the
  world by 1930, there were 2 billion.
• In the last 2/3 of the twentieth century, world
  population tripled, surpassing the 6 billion mark
  in the summer of 1999.
• By the summer of 2005 it stood at about 6.4
  billion.
• World population continues to increase at the
  rate of about 1 billion people a decade.

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World Resource Use

• 1,000 years ago, the majority of the worlds
  population consumed at similar levels, although
  substantial differences in wealth existed.
• Today, about 1/5 of the Earths population takes
  home 64 of the worlds income.

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World Resource Use

• The net worth of the 358 richest people in the
  world is equal to the combined income of the
  worlds poorest 2.3 billion people.
• The average person in an industrialized nation
  consumes
• 3 times as much fresh water
• 10 times as much energy
• 19 times as much aluminum
• as someone in a developing nation.

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Europeans in 1400

• Devised oceangoing vessels.
• Were masters of cathedral and castle
  construction.
• Experienced much war, plague, and economic
  depression.

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Motivators for European Expansion

• Christianize the world.
• Find a wide variety of wonders, both real and
  imagined.
• Amass great wealth.

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Conversion of native peoples to Christianity was
one of the primary interests of the Spanish in
the Americas.
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Developments Aiding Expansion

• Rise of a banking and merchant class.
• Growing population.
• New ship design that was better at sailing into
  the wind.
• Diseases carried by Europeans to native
  populations.

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Question

• European expansion and conquest of non-European
  peoples, especially in the Americas, was aided by
  a number of factors, except which one of the
  following?
• diseases the Europeans carried, with which
  peoples of the Americas had no experience
• a new type of ship, the caravel
• the backdrop of a merchant and banking class in
  Europe as investors
• the notion of plantation monocropping
• a concept new to nation-states, slavery

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Answer e

• European expansion and conquest of non-European
  peoples, especially in the Americas, was aided by
  a number of factors, except a concept new to
  nation-states, slavery.

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Monoculture Plantation

• An agricultural plantation specializing in the
  large-scale production of a single crop to be
  sold on the market.

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Joint Stock Company

• A firm that is managed by a centralized board of
  directors but owned by shareholders.

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Pillaging

• Europeans used violence to take money, goods, or
  raw materials.
• Mines were placed under European control.
• When the British East India company came to power
  in India, it plundered the treasury of Bengal.

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Pillage

• To strip an area of money, goods, or raw
  materials through the use of physical violence or
  the threat of such violence.

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Forced Labor

• In the 15th century, Europeans practiced slavery
  on a larger scale than any people before them.
• Non-Europeans exported over 7 million slaves to
  the Islamic world between 650 and 1600.
• At the end of the 19th century approximately 11
  million slaves were exported to the
  Americas.              

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Slavery and Bondage

• Vassalage
• A condition of hereditary bondage in which the
  use of land is granted in return for payment,
  homage, and military service or its equivalent.
• Peonage
• The practice of holding a person in bondage or
  partial slavery in order for them to work off a
  debt or serve a prison sentence.

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Dutch East India Company (VOC)

• A joint stock company chartered by the Dutch
  government to control all Dutch trade in the
  Indian and Pacific oceans.
• Led by a board of directors called the Heeren
  XVII (the Lords Seventeen).
• Seized control of the Indian Ocean islands.
• Took brutal steps to keep its monopoly on
  valuable spices and by the 1670s had control of
  all spice production.

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Colonialism

• Possession and political domination of a foreign
  territory.
• Industrialization created an enormous demand for
  raw materials.
• Taxation supported the colonial government, and
  forced natives into the market system.

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Question

• Major features of colonialism are illustrated by
  all except which one of the following statements?
• In virtually all cases, colonial powers
  encouraged significant out-migration from the
  home country to becomes settlers in the colonies.
• European countries often used existing rulership
  to control people and territory for the
  colonizer's benefit.
• Mercantile companies were replaced by government
  control and possession of territories.
• Many European colonial powers developed extensive
  systems of corvee labor.

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Answer a

• The following is not a major feature of
  colonialism
• In virtually all cases, colonial powers
  encouraged significant out-migration from the
  home country to becomes settlers in the colonies.

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Corvée Labor

• Unpaid labor required by a governing authority.

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Per capita GNP

• Total market value of all goods and services
  produced in a country in a year divided by the
  population of that country.
• World Bank
• An agency of the United Nations, officially
  called the International Bank for Reconstruction
  and Development, that provides loans to promote
  international trade and economic development,
  especially to poor nations.

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Development

• The notion that some countries are poor because
  they have small industrial plants and few lines
  of communication and that they should pursue
  wealth by acquiring these things.

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Development Reasons for Failure

• Undeveloped nations could not repeat the historic
  experiences of the industrialized world.
• Development projects were poorly designed.
• Environmental and social justice issues resulted
  in widespread tension and violent confrontations.

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Modernization Theory

• A model of development that predicts that
  nonindustrial societies will move in the social
  and technological direction of industrialized
  nations.

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Multinational Corporations

• Try to contribute wealth to their shareholders,
  most of whom live in the wealthiest nations.
• Move to least expensive places to produce goods
  and most profitable places to sell them.
• Depend on cheap labor provided by women and
  children.

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Maquiladora

• A manufacturing plant, owned by an international
  company, located in Mexico to take advantage of
  inexpensive labor there.

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Sweatshop

• Generally a pejorative term for a factory with
  working conditions that may include low wages,
  long hours, inadequate ventilation, and
  physical, mental, or sexual abuse.

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Urban Migration

• Percentage of people living in cities is rising
  more rapidly in poor than in wealthy nations
• In 1950, 16 of the population of
  non-industrialized nations lived in large
  cities.
• By 1985, this had increased to 30.
• Expected to reach 50 by the 21st century.

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Voluntary Association

• With urbanization, social groups based on
  voluntary membership develop.
• These voluntary associations are especially
  helpful for migrants making the transition from
  traditional, rural society to an urban lifestyle.
  
• Voluntary associations may serve as mutual aid
  societies, lending money to members, providing
  scholarships for students, arranging funerals,
  and taking care of marriage arrangements.

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Population Growth
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Quick Quiz
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• 1. The appearance of ________, approximately
  11,000 years ago, led to a significant population
  increase.
• foraging strategies
• industrial production
• agriculture
• tropical horticulture
• human language

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Answer c

• The appearance of agriculture, approximately
  11,000 years ago, led to a significant population
  increase.

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• 2. Modernization models include all except which
  of one of the following notions?
• If indigenous people turn to cash cropping and
  wage labor, they will improve their standard of
  living.
• A shift from a subsistence economy to a cash
  economy is a necessary change if economic
  development is to occur.
• Non-western nations must repeat the historical
  experience of the industrialized nations.
• Social inequality and poverty have increased as
  more populations participate in the global market
  economy.
• Financial aid and development projects can help
  introduce advanced technology.

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Answer d

• Modernization models do not include the following
  notion
• Social inequality and poverty have increased as
  more populations participate in the global market
  economy.

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• 3. If you examine the labels on your clothing,
  there is a high probability you will find that it
  was made in a poor nation
• by local women in their homes.
• in factories or plants owned by multinational
  corporations.
• by cooperatives increasingly under the control of
  local communities.
• where people are happy to receive a relatively
  high wage for their work.
• by a voluntary association.

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Answer b

• If you examine the labels on your clothing, there
  is a high probability you will find that it was
  made in a poor nation in factories or plants
  owned by multinational corporations.

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• 4. The primary concern and responsibility of
  Hereen XVII was
• profitability to shareholders of the Dutch East
  India Company.
• that of government regulation of company
  activities.
• maintaining careful separation of church, state,
  and business interests.
• how to maintain his rule as monarch of the
  Kingdom of Holland.
• how to convert newly-discovered cultures to
  Christianity.

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Answer a

• The primary concern and responsibility of Hereen
  XVII was profitability to shareholders of the
  Dutch East India Company.