AP United States History

1
AP United States History

• Review for AP Examination
• Part One

2
Sir Walter Raleigh

• Prior to Jamestown, Sir Walter Raleigh received a
  charter to found a colony on Roanoke Island in
  1584. It failed, and he tried again in 1585 and
  1587. Both were failures, and the fate of the
  1587 colony remains a mystery (all colonists
  disappeared).

3
Sea Dogs

• English buccaneers who sought to promote the
  goals of Protestantism and plunder by seizing
  Spanish treasure ships and raiding Spanish
  settlements

4
Roanoke Island

• Prior to Jamestown, Sir Walter Raleigh received a
  charter to found a colony on Roanoke Island in
  1584. It failed, and he tried again in 1585 and
  1587. Both were failures, and the fate of the
  1587 colony remains a mystery (all colonists
  disappeared).

5
Jamestown

• In 1606 the Virginia Company was founded by a
  group of merchants who felt they could reap great
  profits from colonizing America it allowed them
  to find precious metals and new trade routes.
  James I decided to go ahead and charter the
  company in 1606, which resulted in Jamestown
  being founded in Virginia.

6
joint-stock company

• Although joint-stock companies had worked well to
  finance voyages, which quickly resulted in ,
  they wouldnt work as well for colonies b/c
  colonies required enormous amounts of funding and
  usually failed or at least took a long time, to
  return profits. Consequently, colonies funded by
  these companies were always short of capital b/c
  nobody wanted to risk much .

7
Sir Francis Drake

• Most famous of the English Sea Dogs

8
Virginia Company

• In 1606 the Virginia Company of London also known
  as the London Company or the Virginia Company
  received a charter from King James I to establish
  a settlement in the New World.

9
Laws of Primogeniture

• These laws decreed that only the eldest sons were
  eligible to inherit landed estates. Ambitious
  younger English sons like Raleigh were forced to
  seek their fortunes in other places like the New
  World.

10
John Smith

• Smith assumed a leadership role at Jamestown. He
  supervised the training of a militia and crop
  planting. In 1609, Smith was badly injured
  forcing his return to England for medical
  attention. The years 1609 and 1610 were the
  colony's low point, the so-called starving time.

11
starving time

• Winter of 1609-1610 in Jamestown after John Smith
  returned to England for medical treatment.
• Of the 400 settlers only 60 survived that winter.

12
Jamestowns Struggle for Survival

• arrived during a severe drought
• major problems with diseases like typhus and
  dysentery caused by a lack of sanitation
• settled in the worst place possible climactically
  
• colonists were mainly gentlemen expecting to
  discover gold and get rich quick

13
House of Burgesses

• The first taste of independent colonial
  government came with the introduction of the
  first colonial legislature established by the
  Virginia Company of London in 1619. Although the
  governor could veto their laws, they controlled
  his salary.

14
1619

• Arrival of the first Africans in Jamestown
• Arrival of the first European women in Jamestown
• Virginia Company of London established the House
  of Burgesses

15
John Rolfe

• The husband of Pocahontas who became known as the
  father of the tobacco industry and economic
  savior of the colony of Virginia.

16
headright system

• The headright system used in Virginia and
  Maryland stated that every new arrival paying
  their way could get 50 acres of land. Although
  this in itself encouraged wealthier people to
  move to the colonies, it also allowed the already
  established planters to get labor and land at
  once. Wealthy planters would pay passage for
  others in return for several years of what was
  called indentured servitude.

17
indentured servitude

• The planters would get free labor (for a while)
  and, after the servants worked their quota of
  years, they would get their freedom and their own
  plots of land.
• Indentured servants, were generally lower-class
  people who came in hopes of advancement
• They received freedom dues and were permitted
  to live as independent farmers.

18
Freedom Dues

• A few barrels of corn, a suit of clothes and
  possibly a small parcel of land that an
  indentured servant might receive when his time of
  servitude had ended.

19
Maryland Act of Toleration

• Facing a heavy tide of Protestant immigrants to
  Maryland and the prospect of becoming a minority
  in their own colony the Maryland assembly passed
  the Act of Toleration.
• This statute guaranteed toleration to all
  Christians in Maryland.

20
Separatists

• The Pilgrims or Separatists were even stricter
  than the Puritans, and felt that they had to
  split from the Anglican Church b/c it was too
  corrupt to ever be reformed.

21
Pilgrims

• The Pilgrims or Separatists were even stricter
  than the Puritans, and felt that they had to
  split from the Anglican Church b/c it was too
  corrupt to ever be reformed.

22
Puritans

• The Puritans simply believed that the Anglican
  Church was too Catholic and needed to be reformed
  or purified. The Puritans were Calvinists or
  followers of John Calvin.

23
Calvinism

• A belief that God took pity on man and sent his
  Son to redeem some of the damned. No man was
  deserving of such grace, but God freely offered
  salvation to an unspecified number of sinners.
  These fortunate few known as the Elect had their
  fate determined by God before their births
  (predestination).

24
Anglican Church

• The Church of England started by King Henry VIII
• The dominant church in the Southern colonies

25
Congregational Church

• The Puritan Church in New England

26
Mayflower Compact.

• The Mayflower Compact established a basic
  government system under rule of the majority. It
  also described the belief that the Pilgrims had
  made a covenant with God, which meant that they
  had to create an utopian society

27
Plymouth Plantation

• Originally settled by the Pilgrims or Separatists
  who were squatters

28
Massachusetts Bay Company

• A group of Congregationalist merchants obtained a
  royal charter in 1629 and formed the
  Massachusetts Bay Company as a joint-stock
  company, which soon attracted middle-class
  Puritans who were concerned about the
  deteriorating religious situation in England

29
John Winthrop

• Led by John Winthrop, who was elected governor in
  October 1629, the Puritans set off towards New
  England in 1630. On the way, Winthrop explained
  his vision for the colony in a sermon, The Model
  of Christian Charity.
• Although Puritans remained committed to reforming
  the Anglican Church, Puritans felt they would be
  better able to continue this in America

30
Thomas Hooker

• The first colonists to move to Connecticut were
  led by Thomas Hooker
• They faced the Pequots, who realized that the
  arrival of the colonists would threaten their
  role as middlemen between other Indian groups and
  the Europeans.

31
Roger Williams

• Roger Williams founded Providence, Rhode Island
  (1637) b/c he was exiled from Massachusetts for
  promoting separation of church and state and for
  condemning the expropriation of land from the
  Indians

32
Anne Hutchinson

• After being accused and convicted of high heresy,
  she was banished from the colony of Massachusetts
• She challenged the Puritan doctrine of
  predestination

33
The Restoration

• In 1642 the English Parliament, led by Oliver
  Cromwell, rebelled against Charles I. In 1646,
  and King Charles I was executed and Cromwell
  assumed control of the govt until his death in
  1660. After the bad experience with Cromwell the
  English decided to restore the monarchy to
  Charles II

34
Duke of York

• New York was originally a Dutch colony, but in
  1664 Charles II gave the area to his brother
  James, the Duke of York. So James, the Duke of
  York organized an invasion fleet, and the Dutch
  surrendered w/o resistance.

35
Sir George Carteret

• New Jersey was formed b/c the Duke of York
  granted part of his land in 1664 to his friends
  Sir George Carteret and Lord John Berkeley

36
William Penn

• Pennsylvania itself was actually founded by
  Quakers when in 1681 Charles II gave the region
  to William Penn, who then held it as a personal
  proprietorship. Penn used his colony as a haven
  for fellow Quakers

37
Iroquois Confederacy

• In the 1670s, the French began attacking Iroquois
  villages.
• The Iroquois Confederation remained an enemy of
  the French and allied themselves with the British
  during the French and Indian War

38
Bacons Rebellion

• Angry colonists many former indentured servants
  rallied around recent immigrant Nathaniel Bacon,
  who held members of the Virginia House of
  Burgesses captive until they authorized him to
  attack the Indians
• He was consequently declared to be in rebellion
  by Governor Berkeley

39
Nathaniel Bacon,

• Angry colonists many former indentured servants
  rallied around recent immigrant Nathaniel Bacon,
  who held members of the Virginia House of
  Burgesses captive until they authorized him to
  attack the Indians
• He was consequently declared to be in rebellion
  by Governor Berkeley

40
William Berkeley

• After land-hungry Virginians attacked two Indians
  tribes, Indians raided outlying farms in
  retaliation in the winter of 1676.
• Governor William Berkeley, however, was
  reluctant to strike back b/c he had trade
  agreements with the Indians and didnt want to
  disrupt them

41
Triangular Trade

• New England only had one thing England wanted
  trees. So, to get more stuff from England, the
  colonists sold rum to the Gold Coast of Africa in
  exchange for African slaves. By the 1640s, New
  England was indirectly dependent on the slave
  trade.
• West Indies islands would purchase African slaves
  in exchange for molasses that would be sent to
  New England and distilled into rum and to be sent
  to Africa
• Africa, which would provide slaves, who would be
  sold by coastal rulers and bought by European
  slavers, in exchange for the rum and some
  manufactured goods.

42
Mercantilism

• The mercantilist system of thought arose in the
  early 1600s, when it was believed that there was
  a finite amount of wealth in the world and that
  governments had to control production and
  competition in order to gain the upper hand.
• Mercantilism was the theory of trade espoused by
  the major European powers from roughly 1500 to
  1800. It advocated that a nation should export
  more than it imported and accumulate gold to make
  up the difference.

43
Navigation Acts

• All European goods had to first stop in England
  for tariff duties to be collected and transferred
  to British or colonial ships.
• Foreign trading was banned between colonial
  ports, and colonists werent allowed to serve on
  competitors ships.
• Later on lists of enumerated goods goods that
  could only be sold to England were made.
• The purpose was to make England benefit from
  both colonial imports and exports

44
New England Confederation

• Four Puritan New England colonies banded together
  primarily for the purpose of defending themselves
  from the Indians, Dutch (in New York) and the
  French
• King Charles responded by granting Connecticut a
  sea-to-sea charter, a charter to the colony of
  Rhode Island and revoked the charter of
  Massachusetts

45
Dominion of New England

• Puritan New England, was a hotbed of smuggling
• The Dominion of New England in 1686 New Jersey
  to Maine was imposed on the Puritans by Britain
  in order to enforce the Navigation Laws
• The Dominion was run by Sir Edmund Andros, who
  had immense power, until the Glorious Revolution
  in 1688.

46
Sir Edmund Andros

• The Dominion was run by the very unpopular Sir
  Edmund Andros, who had immense power, until the
  Glorious Revolution in 1688
• After news of the Glorious Revolution reached
  America, the Dominion collapsed and Sir Edmund
  Andros attempted to flee in womans clothing.

47
Glorious Revolution

• The Bloodless Revolution that dethroned the
  unpopular Catholic King James II and replaced him
  with the Protestant ruler of the Netherlands,
  Dutch-born William III and his English wife Mary.
• News of the Glorious Revolution caused the
  collapse of the Dominion of New England and
  arrest of Sir Edmund Andros

48
Leisler's Rebellion

• 1688 and 1689 William and Mary came to the
  throne in the Glorious Revolution. The impact of
  this change was felt in the colonies, notably in
  the ouster of Sir Edmund Andros and demolition of
  the Dominion of New England
• In New York an armed mob seized control and
  installed Jacob Leisler as the head of a new
  colonial government.
• Leisler's rule was short-lived. A new governor
  was dispatched by William III in 1691. Leisler
  was convicted of treason and executed

49
The Enlightenment

• Intellectual trend that stressed a belief in
  rationality and peoples ability to understand
  the universe through mathematical or natural
  laws.
• The Enlightenment encouraged colleges in the
  Americas to broaden their curriculums to include
  subjects like science, law and medicine.

50
The Great Awakening

• From the mid-1730s to the 1760s waves of
  religious revivalism swept through America. These
  revivalists were a counterpoint to the
  Enlightenment b/c they stressed religious feeling
  over rationalism
• The impact of the Great Awakening was mixed.
  Thousands were brought into the churches by the
  wave of enthusiasm, but denominations and
  communities were split. The movements also served
  to lessen the hold of the Anglican Church and
  weaken royal authority.

51
Reverend Jonathan Edwards

• He proclaimed the folly of believing in salvation
  through good works and affirmed the need for
  complete dependence on Gods Grace for salvation
• Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God was the
  title of his most famous sermon

52
George Whitefield

• The Great Awakening spread when George Whitefield
  began touring the colonies and preaching to large
  audiences in an emotional and theatrical style of
  preaching

53
Old Lights

• Religious traditionalist ministers who were very
  skeptical of the emotionalism and theatrics of
  George Whitefield

54
New Lights

• Revivalists ministers who were followers of
  George Whitefield and the Great Awakening

55
John Peter Zenger

• He was put on trial for seditious libel or for
  criticizing actions by the Royal Governor of New
  York
• His defense was that truth could not be
  defamatory
• He was found not guilty, setting a legal
  precedent for free press

56
Regulator Movements

• The Regulator Movements occurred In the Carolinas
• Backcountry farmers mainly Scottish and Irish
  immigrants rebelled against the colonial govts
  b/c they felt they lacked influence and that the
  govts were unfair.

57
Seven Years War

• The War between England and France which was know
  as the French and Indian War in North America

58
Ohio Valley

• Area that both the French and English claimed
  ownership of and where George Washington was sent
  to survey
• The French and Indian War began as a war over
  control of this region

59
Albany Congress

• Had the goals of (1) convincing the Iroquois to
  join them against the French and (2) coordinating
  colonial defenses.
• Neither goal was met b/c the individual colonies
  feared losing their individual autonomy and b/c
  British officials feared giving too much autonomy
  to the colonies

60
General Braddock

• Major General Edward Braddock was dispatched to
  command the British and colonial forces in North
  America. His major aim was to capture Fort
  Duquesne. Braddocks force, numbering 1,400
  regulars and 450 colonials under George
  Washington was ambushed by a force of 250 French
  Canadians and nearly 7,000 Indians. Braddock was
  killed in this ambush.

61
William Pitt

• William Pitt, later the first Earl of Chatham,
  was the driving force behind the British victory
  in the Seven Years War, known as the French and
  Indian War in North America

62
Treaty of Paris 1763

• France lost all her North American possessions in
  this treaty that ended the Seven Years War or the
  French and Indian War

63
Pontiacs Rebellion

• Indian leader Pontiac united an unprecedented
  amount of tribes due to concern about the spread
  of English colonists and their culture.
• Although the colonists eventually triumphed, the
  British issued the Proclamation Line of 1763,
  which was a line that the colonists couldnt move
  past, to prevent further conflicts with the
  Indians.

64
Proclamation Line of 1763

• In the fall of 1763, a royal decree was issued
  that prohibited the North American colonists from
  establishing or maintaining settlements west of
  an imaginary line running down the crest of the
  Appalachian Mountains. The proclamation
  acknowledged that Native Americans owned the
  lands on which they were then residing and white
  settlers in the area were to be removed.

65
Writs of Assistance

• Writs of assistance were court orders that
  authorized customs officers to conduct general
  (non-specific) searches of premises for
  contraband. The exact nature of the materials
  being sought did not have to be detailed, nor did
  their locations.

66
James Otis

• In 1761 Otis accepted a call from Boston
  merchants to represent them in a fight to prevent
  use of writs of assistance. He delivered a
  five-hour argument in which he maintained that
  the writs were a violation of the colonists
  natural rights and that any act of Parliament
  that abrogated those rights was null and void.
  Otis lost the case.

67
Molasses Act of 1733

• A British Act the was intended to prevent its
  North American colonies from trading with the
  French West Indies. The colonists responded by
  smuggling and this act was largely not enforced
  for the next 30 years.

68
Salutary Neglect

• A policy of Britain to only weakly enforce the
  Navigation Laws, such as the Molasses Act

69
Sugar Act (1764)

• The existing Molasses Act of 1733 was revised
• New duties were placed on some foreign imports,
  and stronger measures were taken against
  smuggling
• This ended Salutary Neglect

70
Currency Act (1764)

• This was passed b/c British officials felt they
  were being cheated b/c colonial currency had such
  erratic values
• It greatly irritated colonial merchants, who lost
  out b/c their money was made useless

71
Quartering Act (1765)

• It required a raise in colonial taxes to provide
  for housing of soldiers in barracks near colonial
  centers.

72
STAMP ACT (1765)

• The act required the use of stamped paper for
  legal documents, diplomas, almanacs, broadsides,
  newspapers and playing cards. The presence of the
  stamp on these items was to be proof that the tax
  had been paid.

73
Virtual Representation

• English believed that Parliament represented all
  British subjects by definition regardless of
  where they lived
• Colonists believed that they needed members that
  specifically represented their regions or direct
  representation

74
Sons of Liberty

• Secret radical group in the colonies adopted this
  name and worked to oppose the stamp tax and other
  later parliamentary revenue programs.

75
Non-importation agreement

• Beginning with the unpopular Grenville reforms of
  the mid-1760s and continuing for a decade, the
  non-importation agreement or boycott was the
  chief American means to gain the attention of
  British policymakers. It was used initially
  against the Stamp Act.

76
Stamp Act Congress

• The Stamp Act Congress convened in New York City
  with nine colonies in attendance. The delegates
  approved a 14-point Declaration of Rights and
  Grievances, formulated largely by John Dickinson
  of Pennsylvania.

77
Declaratory Act

• After repeal of the Stamp Act, Parliament passed
  this act which stated that Parliament still had
  the rights to tax the colonies

78
Townshend Acts (1767)

• Duties on paint, paper, glass, lead and tea
  imported into the colonies. These were specified
  items not produced in any quantity in the
  colonies at that time. The intent was to raise
  revenue for the payment of the salaries of royal
  officials in the colonies, thus bypassing a role
  traditionally played by the assemblies.

79
John Dickinson

• He authored a series of anonymous essays, the
  Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania to the
  Inhabitants of the British Colonies, which first
  appeared in the Pennsylvania Chronicle and later
  in other newspapers throughout the colonies. He
  stated his firm support for Parliamentary
  supremacy to levy taxes designed to regulate
  trade.

80
Boston Massacre

• Three colonists were killed and two others
  mortally wounded six others would later recover
  from their wounds.
• The Boston Massacre was, of course, not a
  massacre. Samuel Adams and other propagandists
  capitalized on this incident, using it to fan
  colonial passions against England.

81
Committee of Correspondence

• Special committees of correspondence were formed
  by the colonial assemblies. These committees were
  responsible for taking the views of their parent
  assembly on a particular issue, committing it to
  a written form and then dispatching that view to
  other similar groups in other colonies.

82
Tea Act of 1773

• Tea was allowed to be shipped in East India
  Company ships directly from India to the American
  colonies, thus avoiding a tax if the commodity
  were first sent to England.
• A duty of three pence per pound was to be
  collected on tea delivered to America this tax
  was considerably less than the previous tax.
  Many in England thought this law would be warmly
  greeted in America, because it allowed the
  colonists to resume their tea-drinking habit at a
  cost lower than ever before.

83
East India Co

• Tea Act was designed to save the East India
  Company from bankruptcy.

84
Boston Tea Party

• A group of some 50 men disguised as Mohawk
  Indians boarded three vessels. There 342 chests
  were split open and thrown into the harbor. A
  cheering crowd on the dock shouted its approval
  for the brewing of this saltwater tea.

85
Coercive Acts

• The Coercive or Intolerable Acts were intended to
  restore order in Massachusetts, following the
  Boston Tea Party.
• They included the following
• Boston Port Act
• Quartering Act
• Administration of Justice Act
• Massachusetts Government Act

86
Boston Port Bill

• The port of Boston was shut down until the tea
  was paid in full. Purpose was to set an example
  for other colonies.

87
Quebec Acts

• Parliament passed the Quebec Act, a
  well-intentioned measure designed to afford
  greater rights to the French Catholic inhabitants
  of Canada.
• The old boundary of Quebec was extended south to
  the Ohio River
• Americans viewed this as a part of the Coercive
  or Intolerable Acts

88
First Continental Congress

• This Congress, did not advocate independence it
  sought rather to right the wrongs that had been
  inflicted on the colonies and hoped that a
  unified voice would gain them a hearing in
  London.

89
John Adams

• John Adams was the second president of the United
  States and served on the drafting committee for
  the Declaration of Independence. It was Adams, a
  Northerner who proposed that the Southerner
  George Washington be given command of the
  Continental Army.

90
Concord and Lexington

• First two battles of the Revolutionary War.
• Took place before the Second Continental Congress
  had appointed George Washington to command the
  Continental Army.

91
Paul Revere

• Revere's role in warning his fellow countrymen
  before the battles at Lexington and Concord was
  noteworthy, but clearly overstated by Henry
  Wadsworth Longfellow's poem, written in 1860.

92
Second Continental Congress

• The Second Continental Congress was presided over
  by John Hancock and included some delegates such
  as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. All
  of the colonies sent delegates, although the
  Georgia delegation did not arrive until much
  later. As time passed, the radical element that
  included John Adams, Samuel Adams and Richard
  Henry Lee began to eclipse the more conservative
  faction represented by John Dickinson.

93
Olive Branch Petition

• In July 1775, the Second Continental Congress
  made a final effort to seek reconciliation with
  Britain and end the fighting. The chief advocate
  of this effort was John Dickinson, a conservative
  delegate from Pennsylvania, who authored the
  Olive Branch Petition.
• This appeal was directed to George III
  personally. It issued a sharp protest against
  repressive British policies and asked the king to
  halt the war, repeal the Coercive Acts.

94
Thomas Paine

• Tom Paine was born in England and came to the
  colonies in 1774 as the editor of the
  Pennsylvania Magazine.
• He wrote Common Sense in January 1776, followed
  some months later by the first of a series of
  pamphlets called The Crisis. With the continental
  forces in retreat, American readers received
  encouragement from the installments of The Crisis.

95
Common Sense

• One of the most important elements of this debate
  was furnished by Thomas Paine, who published the
  pamphlet Common Sense in January 1776. It is
  arguably the most successful political essay in
  American history and may have done for the War
  for Independence what Uncle Toms Cabin did for
  the Civil War.

96
Thomas Jefferson

• Jefferson authored the Declaration of
  Independence
• In 1789, Jefferson became the United States'
  first secretary of state. During the Washington
  administration he became the leader of the
  Democratic-Republican forces. In 1796 Jefferson
  became vice-president in the John Adams
  administration
• Jefferson devoted much of his retirement to the
  establishment of the University of Virginia.

97
Alexander Hamilton

• Secretary of the Treasury under President
  Washington
• Advocated a financial plan to pay all federal
  and state debts off at par and to have a
  national Bank of the United States
• Leader of the Federalists

98
Benedict Arnold

• Benedict Arnold was one of the most accomplished
  American military commanders in the War for
  Independence, but his contributions are often
  forgotten because of his later traitorous acts.
  In 1780, Arnold attempted to betray West Point to
  the British for a commission in the British army
  and a sum of money, but the plot fell apart.

99
Battle of Saratoga

• The Saratoga campaign is frequently cited as a
  major turning point in the War for Independence.
• France, the traditional rival of Britain, moved
  from providing secret aid to the Americans to a
  declaration of war against Britain. Spain, a
  fading European power, later followed suit.

100
Battle of Yorktown

• Surrender at Yorktown (October 19, 1781). The
  failure of the British relief fleet to arrive
  before the French fleet, plus the numerical
  superiority of the Franco-American forces,
  necessitated Cornwallis's capitulation on terms
  approaching unconditional surrender. This was the
  last major battle of the Revolutionary War.

101
General Cornwallis

• Lord Cornwallis is commonly remembered in
  American history for his surrender to General
  Washington at Yorktown

102
Treaty of Paris 1783

• The recognition of American independence
• The establishment of American boundaries between
  the Atlantic on the east to the Mississippi on
  the west, and from the Great Lakes on the north
  to Florida in the south
• The pledge of the Continental Congress to
  "earnestly recommend" to the states that they
  settle property issues with the Loyalists, a
  provision insisted upon by the British.

103
Ben Franklin

• Franklin served in the Second Continental
  Congress and was a drafter and signer of the
  Declaration of Independence
• In 1776, Franklin was part of a delegation sent
  to France for the purpose of securing aid and
  succeeded in winning recognition in 1778. In
  1781, Franklin went to London with John Jay and
  John Adams to begin negotiations for the
  conclusion of the War for Independence.
• Franklin returned to America and later attended
  the Constitutional Convention.

104
Articles of Confederation

• A loose confederation of states, not a strong
  union with extensive central powers.
• Required two-thirds (nine of 13) of the states
  approval before implementation.
• Required all of states to approve amendments to
  the Articles.
• Vested executive authority in congressional
  committees, not in a president.

105
Land Ordinances of 1785

• The area would also be surveyed into townships of
  36 sq. mi., each of which would be divided into
  36 towns. The ownership of the territories would
  be transferred to the central government, which
  would then make by selling the land. Revenue
  from one out of every 36 squares would be used
  for public schools.

106
Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• New states would have the same rights as the
  original states. Slavery could not be established
  in the area. 3 Phases to gain statehood (1)
  appointed governor and 3 judges, (2) 5000 adult
  male landowners then a territorial legislature
  can be created to manage local issues, and (3)
  the population exceeds 60,000 people then
  delegates can be elected to write a state
  constitution, if Congress approves of the
  constitution, then it is a state.

107
Annapolis Convention

• A general meeting of the states in Annapolis in
  September 1786 to discuss trade policies. Only 5
  delegations came, but they issued a call for
  another convention in Philadelphia the following
  year.

108
Shays Rebellion

• A wave of farm foreclosures in western
  Massachusetts swept the republic. Demonstrators
  and rioters protested high taxation, the
  governor's high salary and the assembly's refusal
  to issue paper money (an inflationary measure
  favored by the debtor class).
• Opposition had coalesced around Daniel Shays, a
  Revolutionary War veteran, who headed an army
  of 1,000 men. Wealthy Bostonians, who feared the
  rebellion in the west, contributed money for
  soldiers under the command of General Benjamin
  Lincoln to end the rebellion.

109
Constitutional Convention

• Convention in Philadelphia during 1787 that was
  intended to revise the Articles of Confederation.
  Instead the delegates decided to draw up a new
  form of government giving the central government
  over state governments.

110
James Madison

• Father of the Constitution.
• Madison was also active in the ratification
  effort, collaborating with Alexander Hamilton and
  John Jay in writing The Federalist Papers.
• From 1789 to 1797, Madison was a prominent member
  of Congress. He authored the Virginia Resolutions
  (1798), which opposed the Alien and Sedition
  Acts. In 1801 Madison became secretary of state
  under Jefferson. As president Madison led the
  U.S. during the War of 1812.

111
Virginia Plan

• The legislature was to be bicameral (two houses)
  and representation was to be proportional (based
  upon population)
• The chief executive was to be chosen by the
  legislature
• The judiciary was to be chosen by the legislature

112
New Jersey Plan

• After two weeks of debating the Virginia Plan, a
  counterproposal was put forth by William
  Patterson, which has become known as the New
  Jersey Plan (the Small State Plan or the
  Patterson Plan).
• The plan offered the idea of a unicameral (one
  house) legislature in which all states would have
  an equal number of votes.

113
Federalists

• The Federalists were originally those forces in
  favor of the ratification of the Constitution and
  were typified by
• A desire to establish a strong central government
  (unlike that which existed under the Articles of
  Confederation)
• A corresponding desire for weaker state
  governments

114
Antifederalists

• The Anti-Federalists opposed ratification of the
  Constitution and were typified by
• A desire to establish a weak central government
  (as had been created by the Articles of
  Confederation)
• A corresponding desire for strong state
  governments

115
Federalist Papers

• The Federalist, or Federalist Papers, was a
  series of 85 essays written to secure New York
  State ratification of the U.S. Constitution.
• Appearing under the pseudonym A Citizen of New
  York and Publius, most of the essays appeared
  first in a New York newspaper. Alexander Hamilton
  is credited with the authorship of 51 of the
  treatises, James Madison with 14, and John Jay
  with five.

116
Bill of Rights

• The First Ten Amendments to the Constitution
  added as a concession to Massachusetts during the
  process of ratifying the Constitution of 1787.

117
Judiciary Act of 1789

• Legislative act that created the original
  judiciary branch other than the Supreme Court,
  which was created by the Constitution of 1787.