Human Population

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Human Population
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Human Population Growth Historical Perspectives

• Early Hunter Gatherers
• Nomadic - strong sense of the Earth
• Rise of Agriculture
• Animals became extinct via predation and altered
  habitat
• Agriculture gave rise to cities
• Food became a commodity produced in the country,
  consumed in
• the city
• Food wastes no longer returned to the soil
• Soil becomes less productive
• Waste becomes concentrated in cities

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Human Population Growth Historical Perspectives

• Industrialization
• Children valued as cheap source of income and
  cheap labor in early years of industrialization
• Exponential growth of industrialized populations
  at the start of the industrial revolution
• By 1900s, birth rate in industrialized nations
  dropped
• Now, the growth rate of industrialized/developed
  nations is less than that of developing nations
• The average world population growth is currently
  a little over 1 per year, with higher
  percentages in developing nations and lower in
  developed nations

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World Population Growth DVD
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(No Transcript)
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MI L L I O NS
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(No Transcript)
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Current World Population

• Global population was approximately 6,700,000,000
  as of November 2008
• The global population grows by
• Over 2.0 persons per second
• Over 8,000 persons per hour
• Over 200,000 persons per day
• Over 73 million persons per year

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How Much is a Billion?

• 1,000 seconds 16.7 minutes
• 1 million sec 16,677 min 11.6 days
• 1 billion sec 11,574 days 31.7 years

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History of World Population Growth

• 1804 1 billion people
• 1927 2 billion people
• 1961 3 billion people
• 1974 4 billion people
• 1987 5 billion people
• 1999 6 billion people
• 2011 7 billion people (projected)

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Human Population Dynamics

• Three sources of change in population size
• Fertility
• Mortality
• Migration

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Population Pyramids

• Bar graph
• Shows the age and gender composition of a region
• Horizontal axis gender
• male left-hand female right-hand
• Vertical axis age
• Easy way to see demographics

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Population Pyramid Example Young Cohorts
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Population Pyramids

• The previous slide showed a country with lots of
  young people
• This is most likely from a developing nation
• See book page 1103 for other examples
• Notice the difference between developing nation
  pyramids and those of industrialized nations

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Tracking the baby-boom generation in the United
States
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Human Population Growth

• The demographics of the populations in developing
  nations is a concern because of the large
  percentage of individuals of child-bearing age
• The planet can only support a limited number of
  people (carrying capacity)
• Remember I P x A x T
• Should population growth be controlled?
• If so, how?

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Empower Women

• Women tend to have fewer and healthier children
  when
• they have access to education and paying jobs
  outside home
• their society doesnt suppress womens rights
• Currently, women own less than 1 of the worlds
  land, receive only 10 of the worlds income and
  are excluded from most economic and political
  decision making
• In the U.S., women earn 0.77 for every 1.00
  earned by men
• Women make up 51 of the U.S. population and less
  than 25 of U.S. senators, representatives, state
  governors and Federal judges
• Women do most of the work, however

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Provide Family Planning

• Reduces children's social services needs
• Reduces risk of childbearing deaths
• Reduces both legal and illegal abortions
• Women often want to limit their pregnancies but
  have no access to contraceptives
• Services not always accessible to female
  teenagers and sexually active unmarried
  individuals
• If developed countries provided 17 billion/year,
  and each person paid 4.80/year, the average
  family size would be 2.1 and world population
  would be 2.9 billion
• There has been controversy with U.S. family
  planning policy in developing countries

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What is the Family Planning Issue?

• The United States has made a commitment to
  improve the quality of life all around the world.
  
• The U.S. has been impacting the issues of
  HIV/AIDS and overpopulation for over a quarter of
  a century.
• National policy has been strongly impacted by
  debate over funding family planning in other
  countries.

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Mexico City Policy or the Global Gag Rule

• Enacted by Regan in 1984, Clinton lifted the
  policy, but reenacted when Bush was voted into
  office.
• Stops family planning aid to any foreign
  non-governmental organization that uses non-U.S.
  funds to provide abortion services or information
  or advocates
• abortion-law reform.
• According to the Washington Post, two of the
  largest distributors of contraception in Kenya,
  Family Health Options Kenya and Marie Stopes
  Kenya, did not provide abortions (which are
  illegal in Kenya). They were, however,
  subsidiaries of London-based parent organizations
  whose members helped provide abortions in other
  countries. Together, the two groups had to close
  five family planning clinics after losing U.S.
  funding .
• Since the Mexico City Policy was reinstated by
  President Bush in 2001, the U.S. government has
  stopped family planning and contraceptive
  donations in twenty different African, Asian and
  Middle Eastern nations.
• Women all around the world are being prevented
  from making choices about their bodies and their
  health because they do not have any options.

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What is going on now?

• Although in September 2007 the Senate voted to
  repeal Mexico City policy, Bush threatened to
  veto.
• The 2008 foreign aid budget bill that passed
  will be spending over 500 billion dollars to help
  other nations but will also be reinstating Mexico
  City Policy.
• The bill will increase funding to Planned
  Parenthood and needle exchange programs.
• Priority will now be given to family planning
  programs rather than abstinence-only programs.
• The budget bill is receiving praise and
  criticism from all sides of the issue.
• This is an interesting case of environmental,
  social, political, economic and religious views
  impacting a legislative decision.

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Cutting Global Population Growth

• United Nations Conference on Population and
  Development, Cairo, 1994
• 8 goals to be met by 2015
• Replacement level fertility can be met in 15-30
  years as shown by Japan, Thailand, South Korea,
  Taiwan and China
• Three approaches
• Invest in family planning
• Reduce poverty
• Elevate the status of women

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Global Inequities
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Global Inequities

• Basic needs are not available for 1 in 6 people
  today
• More than 1 billion people survive on less than
  one dollar per day nearly 3 billion people live
  on less than 2 a day
• Situation has worsened since 1980
• The richest 20 of the world
• Consume 45 of all meat and fish
• Consume 58 of total energy
• Have 74 of all telephone lines
• Consume 87 of all paper
• Own 87 of the worlds vehicles
• Worldwide, over 45,000 people die each day of
  starvation, 38,000 of them children

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The World is a Village of 100 web video
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Human Needs Global Spending

• The Stockholm International Peace Research
  Institute, the World Policy Forum, and the World
  Game Institute developed a budget for human
  versus military needs
• They calculated the total cost to achieve the
  following global goals

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• Provide shelter 21 billion
• Eliminate starvation and malnutrition 19
  billion
• Provide clean, safe water 10 billion
• Eliminate nuclear weapons 7 billion
• Eliminate land mines 4 billion
• Eliminate illiteracy 5 billion
• Provide refugee relief 5 billion
• Stabilize the population 10.5 billion
• Prevent soil erosion 24 billion
• Estimated total global budget for human needs
  105.5 billion
• Where we actually spend our money is for the
  global military budget 900 billion

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World on Fire web video
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U.S. Spending

• Consider the Oreo Analogy from Ben Cohen of
  Ben Jerrys
• 1 cookie 10 billion
• US military budget/Pentagon 40 cookies
• K-12 education 3.5 cookies
• World hunger 1 cookie
• Alternative energy 0.25 cookies
• Childrens health care 4 cookies
• Head Start 0.75 cookies
• If an average of one cookie were added to each
  human needs category in the U.S., there would
  still be 35 cookies for the Pentagon, and the
  human needs categories would be satisfied
• The country with the closest amount of military
  spending is Russia with 7 cookies China is next
  with 5 cookies

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Wealth Gap U.S.

• Even in the U.S., the wealth gap has grown
  significantly
• Of all the high-income nations, the US has the
  most unequal distribution of wealth
• The richest 1 of Americans combined earned as
  much after taxes as the poorest 100 million
  Americans combined (1999)
• In Corvallis, 1 of rentals are considered
  affordable (data from HUD, 2008)
• Read Nickel Dimed to see what it is like to
  live on the Federal minimum wage