Introduction

1
Introduction What is a Cell

• Smallest unit of structure making up every
  living thing.
• What does this mean?
• Cant be considered living unless you have
  the properties of at least one cell
• Lowest common denominator of all living things
  the cell

• Development of Cell Theory

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The Cell Theory (?s 2-7)

• Question 7 What are the three components of
  cell theory?
• All living things are composed of cells
• Cells are the basic unit of structure and
  function in living things
• New cells are produced from existing cells

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The Cell Theory

• Historically, how did it develop?
• 2 Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1600)
• developed the microscope and saw tiny living
  organisms in a drop of water
• learned to grind lenses and put them to
  together in combinations to magnify things
• was a businessman who originally developed
  microscope to examine threads
• 1st to see blood cells, bacteria, sperm cells

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The Cell Theory

• 3 Robert Hooke (1665)
• looked at cork under microscope and thought
  they looked like tiny chambers
• first to coin the term cells in reference
  to monastery rooms called cells

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The Cell Theory

• 4 Mathias Schleiden (1838)
• Concluded that all plants are made of cells

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The Cell Theory

• 5 Theodor Schwann (1839)
• Concluded that all animals made of cells

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The Cell Theory

• 6 Rudolph Virchow (1855)
• Observed cells dividing and replicating
• concluded that all cells come from pre-existing
  cells

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Basic Cell Structures (? 8)

• Despite a variety of sizes, shapes, and specific
  cell roles, certain structures are common to
  almost all cells
• Cell membrane (all cells)
• Cytoplasm (all cells)
• Cell wall (many cells, notable exception are
  animals)
• Nucleus (most cells, notable exception
  prokaryotes bacteria)

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Basic Cell Structures

• Cell Membrane thin flexible barrier around
  cells.
• Cell Wall a strong layer around the cell
  membrane
• Nucleus contains the cells genetic material and
  controls cell activities
• Cytoplasm material inside the cell, NOT
  including nucleus

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Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

• A way of classifying cells

Prokaryotes Cells that lack a nucleus Bacteria, e. coli, staph
Eukaryotes (you are a eukaryote) Cells contain a nucleus AND usually specialized structures called organelles Plants, animals, fungi, and many microorganisms
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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Section 7-1
Prokaryotic Cell
Nucleus
Eukaryotic Cell
Organelles
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12
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

• 10. True about prokaryotes
• they grow and reproduces
• they have cell membrane and cytoplasm
• 11. Organelle specialized structure in
  eukaryotes that perform specific task
• 12. Not all eukaryotes are large and
  multicellular like us. Many are single celled
  organisms.

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Cells
Cell structures
eukaryotes
Cell membrane
nucleus
bacteria
Cell wall
cytoplasm
animals
plants
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Section Outline
Section 7-1

• 71 Life Is Cellular
• A. The Cell Theory
• B. Basic Cell Structures
• C. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• 1. Prokaryotes
• 2. Eukaryotes

Go to Section
15
Division of Labor
Interest Grabber
Section 7-2

• A cell is made up of many parts with different
  functions that work together. Similarly, the
  parts of a factory work together to carry out
  different functions.
• Answer the following question.
• What would you see if you walked into a factory?
  What are the functions of these things?

Go to Section
16
FACTORY
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CELL WALL

• Found in plants, fungi, most prokaryotes, and
  algae
• Very outermost part of the cell
• Provides support and protection
• 4. Made up of cellulose (starch/carbohydrate)

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THE CELL FACTORY
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Nucleus

• It controls most cell processes. CONTAINS THE
  HEREDITARY material.
• The material is called DNA or deoxyribonucleic
  acid.
• In one human cell 3 meters of DNA
• Number of cells in body 50 to 70 trillion
• Multiply approximately 66 trips around the
  sun!!!
• 10. Chromosomes DNA wrapped up protein (protein
  acts as a spool)
• Nucleolus Produces ribosomes (factory workers)
• Nuclear envelope membrane around nucleus.
  Contains nuclear pores

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Nucleus (organization)
nucleolus
protein
DNA
chromosome
Nuclear envelope
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Cytoskeleton

• 14. Network of proteins that helps to maintain
  its shape (microtubules and microfilaments)

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Assignment

• Work independently
• Guided Reading 16-37

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Section Outline
Section 7-2

• 72 Cell Structures
• A. Cell Wall
• B. Nucleus
• 1. Chromatin and Chromosomes
• 2. Nucleolus
• 3. Nuclear Envelope
• C. Cytoskeleton
• D. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
• 1. Ribosomes
• 2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
• 3. Golgi Apparatus
• 4. Lysosomes
• 5. Vacuoles
• 6. Chloroplasts
• 7. Mitochondria

E. Organelle DNA F. The Cell as a
Factory G. Comparing Cells
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24
Organelles in the Cytoplasm

• Ribosomes
• F. Produces protein following instructions from
  nucleus
• Factory workers producing final product.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• 19. D. Internal membrane system. Proteins are
  constructed here.
• Assembly line or conveyor system.
  Ribosomes work along
• this assembly line putting together proteins.

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Organelles in the Cytoplasm

• Golgi apparatus or Golgi body
• 20. B. Stack of membranes in which enzymes attach
  carbohydrates and lipids to proteins. Golgi
  packages final product and sends it to its final
  destination.
• Customization shop where finishing touches are
  put on the product.

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Organelles in the Cytoplasm

• Lysosome
• G. Filled with enzymes used to break down food
  into particles that can be used
• Also help to break down old cell parts
• Custodial staff

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Organelles in the Cytoplasm

• Vacuole
• E. Saclike structure that stores material.
• most notably it stores water in plants
• warehouse

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Organelles in Cytoplasm

• Chloroplast
• 23. A. Uses energy from the sunlight to make
  energy rich food. Photosynthesis.
• Makes energy that the cell can use.
• Solar power plants

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Organelles in the Cytoplasm

• Mitochondrion
• 24. C. Converts energy (from food produced by
  chloroplast) to energy the cell can use.
• Coal Burning facility (release the energy from
  the coal)
• Fire place (releasing energy from wood)

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Venn Diagrams
Section 7-2
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi
apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskel
eton
Cell membrane Ribosomes Cell wall
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus Endoplasmic
reticulum Golgi apparatus Vacuoles Mitochondria Cy
toskeleton
Lysosomes
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Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2
Plant Cell
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Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2
Animal Cell
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Figure 7-7 Cytoskeleton
Section 7-2
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36
In or Out?
Interest Grabber
Section 7-3

• How is a window screen similar to a cell
  membrane? Read on to find out.
• 1. What are some things that can pass through a
  window screen?
• 2. What are some things that cannot pass through
  a window screen? Why is it important to keep
  these things from moving through the screen?
• 3. The cell is surrounded by a cell membrane,
  which regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
  Why is it important to regulate what moves into
  and out of a cell?

Go to Section
37
Section Outline
Section 7-3

• 73 Movement Through the Membrane
• A. Cell Membrane
• B. Diffusion
• C. Osmosis
• 1. How Osmosis Works
• 2. Osmotic Pressure
• D. Facilitated Diffusion
• E. Active Transport

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38
Introduction to Movement Through the Membrane

• What types of things need to enter and leave the
  cell?
• Are they all the same size?

oxygen
Carbon dioxide
water
proteins
food
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Cell Membrane

• Regulates what enters and leaves the cell, and
  also provides protection and support

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Figure 7-15 The Structure of the Cell Membrane
Section 7-3

• Core is lipid bi-layer
• Proteins form channels and pumps that help to
• move material into and out of cell
• Carbohydrates act as identification cards
• (immune system).

Outside of cell
Inside of cell (cytoplasm)
Go to Section
41
Diffusion the way things move across the cell
membrane

• What is diffusion? It is the process by which
  molecules tend to move from an area of high
  concentration to an area of less concentration.
• What is concentration? It is the mass of solute
  (solid) in a given volume of solution or
  mass/volume.
• Example Sugar water solution
• 20 grams of sugar in 1 liter of water 20
  grams/Liter (more concentrated)
• 10 grams of sugar in 1 liter of water 10
  grams/Liter (less concentrated)
• The cytoplasm in the cell is a solution of water
  and other dissolved solutes (sugars, salts, etc.)

How Diffusion Works
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Diffusion
sugar
High concentration of sugar 20 gram/Liter
Cell membrane
Low concentration of sugar 10 grams/Liter
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Osmosis Diffusion of water

• 8. Selectively Permeable Some things can pass
  through and others cannot
• Osmosis Diffusion of water across a selectively
  permeable membrane.
• Example (oatmeal, raisin)
• 10. False water moves from high to low
  concentrations

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Figure 7-17 Osmosis
Section 7-3
Water molecules
Higher Concentration of Water
Cell membrane
Lower Concentration of Water
Sugar molecules
Go to Section
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Todays Outline

• Transport across membrane without energy (Passive
  High to Low)
• Diffusion particles from high to low
• Osmosis water from high to low
• Facilitated Transport or Facilitated Diffusion
• Transport across membrane with energy (Active
  Low to High)
• Active Transport
• Pump
• Endocytosis
• Exocytosis

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What happened in your lab?

• add the salt
• B. Isotonic the solution outside the cell is
  equal to the solution of the cytoplasm. Iso
  means the same.
• Water will move equally in both directions.
• No net movement across cell membrane.

Isotonic solution
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What happened in your lab today?

• A. Hypertonic the solution outside the bag is
  hyper meaning it is above strength. Hyper
  means high so the solution is high in solute, low
  in water.
• Water will move in both directions but more will
  move to an area of low concentration. This will
  cause the cell to lose water.
• Just like your potato in salt water.

Hypertonic solution
More solute less water
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What happened in lab today?

• C. Hypotonic the solution outside the bag is
  hypo meaning below strength. Hypo means below
  so the solution is low in solute and high in
  water.
• Water will move in both directions but more will
  move inside the cell.

Hypotonic solution
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High in solute Low in water.
Same as inside the cell.
Low in solute High in water
Cell will swell Cell will not change
Cell will shrink
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Diffusion and Osmosis through the cell membrane
(small molecules such as H2O, O2, CO2)
Cell membrane
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Facilitated Diffusion
Section 7-3
Glucose molecules
High Concentration
Cell Membrane
Low Concentration
Protein channel

1. Facilitated Diffusion diffusion through a
   protein channel
2. Larger molecules like sugars because to large
   to pass through.
3. No energy required from cell.

Go to Section
52
Active Transport
Figure7-20 Active Transport
Section 7-3
Low Concentration
Cell Membrane

1. Active transport is an energy requiring process
   moving molecules from a low concentration to a
   high concentration.
2. False does require energy

High Concentration
Low Concentration
Cell Membrane
High Concentration
Go to Section
53
Active Transport Methods

• Endocytosis (phagocytosis) Taking things into
  the cell by infoldings or pockets of the cell
  membrane. Food, whole cells. 23 Forms a
  vacuole inside cell.
• Exocytosis Exiting out of cell by the same
  process. Pocket forms with cell membrane to
  expel wastes.

endocytosis (phagocytosis)
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Assignment

• Section 7-3 Review
• Questions 1-5 on page 189 on back on section
  review

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Unicellular Organisms

• Single-celled organism is also called a
  unicellular organism.
• What do we mean by single?
• They must be able to carry out all life functions
  on their own.

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Unicellular organisms
a.
b.

• a. Some types of algae are single celled (single
  celled organism capable of photosynthesis)
• b. Include prokaryotes and eukaryotes (amoeba)
• c. Some live within the human body
• (e. coli)

c.
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Unicellular organisms

• Colonial organisms are those that live in groups
  of individuals of the same species that are
  attached to one another but have few specialized
  structures. (Volvox)
• Very close to being multicellular in that
  individual cells work in a coordinated way to
  help move the colony.

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Interest Grabber continued
Section 7- 4

• 1. Some activities cannot be performed by only
  one person, but need a team of people. What type
  of activity requires a team of people to work
  together in order to complete a task?
• 2. What do you think are some characteristics of
  a successful team?
• 3. How is a multicellular organism similar to a
  successful team?

Go to Section
59
Multicellular Organisms

• Cell specialization - It is the characteristic of
  having separate roles for each type of cell.
• a. Specialized cells perform particular functions
  within the organism
• c. The human body contains scores of different
  cell types.
• d. Some cells are specialized to react to the
  environment.

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Levels of Organization

• a. Individual cells 7. Tissue is a groups of
  SAME CELLS
• b. Tissues performing same job.
• c. Organs 11. Groups of tissues that work
  together
• d. Organ Systems to perform a specific
  function are
• called organs.
• 12. In muscle includes muscle tissue,
• nervous tissue, blood
• 13. Organ system is a group of organs
  working together to perform a specific
  task

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Section Outline
Section 7- 4

• 74 The Diversity of Cellular Life
• A. Unicellular Organisms
• B. Multicellular Organisms
• C. Levels of Organization
• 1. Cells
• 2. Tissues
• 3. Organs
• 4. Organ Systems

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Levels of Organization
Section 7- 4
Muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Stomach
Digestive system
Go to Section