LEARNING PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES

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LEARNING PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES

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Introduction

• Engineering is basic principles of physics and
  chemistry.
• Medicine is application of basic biology.
• Instruction is application of basic principles of
  learning.
• Many learning theories have been used or
  implemented in educational software.

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Learning Theories
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Behavioral Psychology Principles

• B.F. Skinner defines learning should be described
  as changes in the observable behaviour of a
  learner made as function of events in the
  environment.
• Basic behavioral rules Behaviour that is
  followed
• by positive environment effects (reward)
  increases in frequency.
• by the withdrawal or negative environmental
  effects also increases in frequency.
• by a negative environmental effect (punishment)
  decreases in frequency.
• Behaviour that increases by reinforcement
  decreases when there is no reinforcement.

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Behavioral Psychology Principles

• Behavioral psychology and learning theory led to
  developments of instructional design.
• Instructional Design System (ISD) was an approach
  to developing instruction, primarily in industry
  and the military, which attempted to meet the
  need of developing a large amount of effective
  instruction that would promote mastery learning.
• ISD was designed primarily for adult skills and
  knowledge rather than for K-12 education.

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Behavioral Psychology Principles

• ISD emphasizes on specific behavioral objectives,
  analyzing tasks and activities and teaching to
  specific levels of learner performance.
• ISD models are alsowidely criticized.
• Ignores important unobservable aspectssuch as
  thinking, reflection,memory motivation.

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Cognitive Psychology Principles

• Cognition means the process of knowing.
• Emphasizes on unobservable constructs such as
  mind, memory, attitudes, motivation, thinking,
  reflection and other presumed internal processes.
• Schools of cognitive learning psychology-
• Information-processing approach
• Semantic Network

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Cognitive Psychology Principles

• Perception and Attention
• Encoding
• Memory
• Comprehension
• Active Learning
• Motivation
• Malones Motivation Theory challenge,
  curiosity, control, fantasy
• Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation
• Kellers ARC Motivation Theory attention,
  relevance, confidence, satisfaction.

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Cognitive Psychology Principles

• Locus of Control
• Mental Model
• Metacognition
• Transfer of Learning
• Individual Differences
• The Cognitive Influence on Interactive Multimedia
  Design

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Constructivist Psychology Principles

• Learning versus Teaching
• Discovery Learning
• Construction
• Situated learning and Anchored Instruction
• Cooperative and Collaborative Learning
• Autonomy, Choice and Negotiation
• Reflection and Strategic Thinking
• Reflecting the Complexity of the World
• Constructivist Influence on Interactive
  Multimedia Design

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Psychology Principles Critiques
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Courseware for e-learning

• I listen, I forget I see, I recall I do, I
  understand.

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Conclusion

• The basis of designing instructional multimedia
  is the theory of learning.
• Combining across the behavioral, cognitive and
  constructivist approaches could facilitate a
  better learning environment and a successful ISD.
• ISD is a series of compromises a process of
  balancing multiple, worthwhile but competing,
  goals, including achievement and motivation, time
  and money, learner and instructor satisfaction
  and many more.

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References

• Stephen M. Alessi Stanley R. Trollip,
  Multimedia for LearningMethods Development,
  2001.
• http//www.customguide.com/elearning_org.htm