Advanced Internet Technology

1
Advanced Internet Technology Application
(SemanticWeb and Ontologies)

• Incheon Paik

Main Reference Samkyun Oh, Sungkyunkwan Univ.
2
Contents

• Back Ground
• Basic Technologies for Semantic Web
• URI, Namespaces, RDF, RDF Schema
• Web Ontology Language
• DAMLOIL
• Web Ontology Language (OWL)
• Semantic Web and Application of OWL

3
Background of Semantic Web

• Communication Barrier between Systems because of
  Increase of Internet Information and Short of
  Infrastructure
• Limitation of HTML
• Extension of XML
• Semantic Web is the extension of current Web and
  systematic definition of resource semantics, so
  that introduce collaboration between computer and
  human.
• Clear definition and connection of Web
  information ? Effective retrieval, automation,
  integration, and re-use

4
Infrastructure Technologies of Semantic Web

• Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
• XML Namespaces
• Resource Description Framework (RDF)
• RDF Schema

5
Core Concept of Semantic Web

• Can use URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) as
  Identifier
• Can access through network Electronic Document,
  Image, Information service(I.e. Weather
  information), collection of resource
• Cannot access through network Man, Company,
  Library books
• Abstract Concept Constructor, Title

6
XML Name Space

• XML Namespaces
• Name set identified by URI
• Used in identifying Element types of XML
  Documents or attribute names, Prevent the
  collision of elements and attributes of different
  organizations

7
Example of XML Names Space

• Names Space in XML Schema
• Grammar Structure
• http//www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema
• Instance Document
• http//www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance
• Names Spaces in Dublin Core
• Main Element
• http//purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
• Qualifier
• http//purl.org/dc/terms/
• Control of Data Type
• http//purl.org/dc/dcmitype/

8
Example of XML Names Space

• Grammar Structure
• http//www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema/element
• http//www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema/attribute
• http//www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema/complexType
• http//www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema/string
• Instance Document
• http//www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance/type
• http//www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance/nil

9
Example of DC Names Sapce

• Main Element
• Title URI http//purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/titl
  e
• Creator URI http//purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/cr
  eator
• Subject URI http//purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/s
  ubject
• Qualifier
• Alternative URI http//purl.org/dc/terms/altern
  ative
• Modified Date URI http//purl.org/dc/terms/modi
  fied
• Abstract URI http//purl.org/dc/terms/abstract
  
• Date Types
• Image URI http//purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Image
•  Collection URI http//purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Col
  lection
•  Software URI http//purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Softw
  are

10
RDF (Resource Description Framework)

• Metadata for describing Web resources
• Framework to exchange information between system
  without loss of semantics
• Infrastructure of encoding, exchange, and re-use
  of meta-data

11
Characteristics of RDF I

• One record description TRIPLE (Resource,
  Attribute, Attribute Value)
• When make the resource attributes more detailed,
  resource representation can be precise, and
  relationships between resources can be set by
  predicate unlimitedly.

12
Characteristics of RDF II

• Each resource has a unique identifier by URI.
• The attribute name to describe resource is
  written by unique URI -gt prevent the collision of
  semantics.
• Other URI can be pointed as attribute value. As
  the resource pointed as attribute value can be
  description target again, new assignment of the
  attribute and attribute value of the resource is
  available.

13
TRIPLE I Resource Description

• Subject Resource
• http//www.skku.edu/statistics/anova.xml
• Lecture URI
• Predicate Attribute
• http//purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator
• DC creator URI
• Object Attribute Value
• His Name

14
TRIPLE I Resource Description

• Subject Resource
• http//www.skku.edu/statistics/anova.xml
• Lecture URI
• Predicate Attribute
• http//purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator
• DC creator URI
• Object Resource
• http//uri.edu/professor/70032
• His Names URI

15
TRIPLE

• Subject Resource
• http//www.skku.edu/statistics/anova.xml
• Lecture URI
• Predicate Attribute (Relationship between two
  resources)
• http//purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf
• isPartOf URI which is sub element of DC
  relation
• Object)
• http//www.skku.edu/statistics/main.xml
• URI on Statistics Lecture

16
A Simple RDF Statement
http//www.example.org/index.html has a
creation-date whose value is August 16, 1999
Triple Discription
exindex.html, extermscreation-date, "August
16, 1999
17
Several Statements About the Same Resource
Triple Description
exindex.html, dccreator, exstaff85740 exind
ex.html, extermscreation-date, "August 16,
1999 exindex.html, extermslanguage,
"English
18
Abbreviating Multiple Properties
lt?xml version"1.0"?gt ltrdfRDF
xmlnsrdfhttp//www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-
ns xmlnsdc"http//purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
xmlnsexterms"http//www.example.org/terms/"gt
ltrdfDescription rdfabout"http//www.example.org
/index.html"gt ltextermscreation-dategtAugust
16, 1999lt/extermscreation-dategt
ltextermslanguagegtEnglishlt/extermslanguagegt
ltdccreator rdfresource"http//www.example.org/s
taffid/85740"/gt lt/rdfDescriptiongt lt/rdfRDFgt
19
A Graph Containing a Blank Node
20
RDF/XML Describing a Blank Node
lt?xml version"1.0"?gt ltrdfRDF
xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax
-ns" xmlnsdc"http//purl.org/dc/elemen
ts/1.1/" xmlnsexterms"http//example.or
g/stuff/1.0/"gt ltrdfDescription
rdfabout"http//www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar
"gt ltdctitlegtRDF/XML Syntax Specification
(Revised)lt/dctitlegt ltextermseditor
rdfnodeID"abc"/gt lt/rdfDescriptiongt ltrdfDescr
iption rdfnodeID"abc"gt ltextermsfullNamegtDave
Beckettlt/extermsfullNamegt ltextermshomePage
rdfresource"http//purl.org/net/dajobe/"/gt lt/rdf
Descriptiongt lt/rdfRDFgt
21
RDF Containers

• When grouping multi-authors and student
• RDFBag
• RDFSeq
• RDFAlt

22
A Simple Bag Container Description
23
RDF/XML for a Bag of Students
lt?xml version"1.0"?gt ltrdfRDF
xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax
-ns" xmlnss"http//example.edu/students/vocab
"gt ltrdfDescription rdfabout"http//example.e
du/courses/6.001"gt ltsstudentsgt ltrdfBaggt
ltrdfli rdfresource"http//example.edu/st
udents/Amy"/gt ltrdfli rdfresource"http//
example.edu/students/Tim"/gt ltrdfli
rdfresource"http//example.edu/students/John"/gt
ltrdfli rdfresource"http//example.edu/st
udents/Mary"/gt ltrdfli rdfresource"http/
/example.edu/students/Sue"/gt lt/rdfBaggt
lt/sstudentsgt lt/rdfDescriptiongt lt/rdfRDFgt
24
A Simple Alt Container Description
25
RDF/XML for an Alt Container
lt?xml version"1.0"?gt ltrdfRDF
xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax
-ns" xmlnss"http//example.org/packages/vocab
"gt ltrdfDescription rdfabout"http//example.or
g/packages/X11"gt ltsDistributionSitegt
ltrdfAltgt ltrdfli rdfresource"ftp//ftp
.example.org"/gt ltrdfli rdfresource"ftp/
/ftp.example1.org"/gt ltrdfli
rdfresource"ftp//ftp.example2.org"/gt
lt/rdfAltgt lt/sDistributionSitegt
lt/rdfDescriptiongt lt/rdfRDFgt
26
RDF Collections

• Final List without member any more
• rdffirst
• rdfrest
• rdfnil

27
An RDF Collection (list structure)
28
RDF/XML for a Collection of Students
lt?xml version"1.0"?gt ltrdfRDF
xmlnsrdfhttp//www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-
ns xmlnss"http//example.edu/students/vocab"
gt ltrdfDescription rdfabout"http//example.edu
/courses/6.001"gt ltsstudents
rdfparseType"Collection"gt ltrdfDescription
rdfabout"http//example.edu/students/Amy"/gt
ltrdfDescription rdfabout"http//example.edu/st
udents/Tim"/gt ltrdfDescription
rdfabout"http//example.edu/students/John"/gt
lt/sstudentsgt lt/rdfDescriptiongt lt/rdfRDFgt
29
RDF Schema

• Schema language to enable describing which target
  resources belong to which classes, and the
  attributes needed to describe their resources.
• Schema language to define classes and
  relationship between classes, attributes.
• Human can understand and Machine can process
  Metadata attribute and relationship between
  classes.

30
A Simple Class Hierarchy
31

• ltrdfRDF xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1999/02/
  22-rdf-syntax-ns" xmlnsrdfs"http//www.w3.or
  g/2000/01/rdf-schema"gt 
• ltrdfDescription rdfID"MotorVehicle"gt
• ltrdftype rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/2000/0
  1/rdf-schemaClass"/gt ltrdfssubClassOf
  rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema
  Resource"/gt
• lt/rdfDescriptiongt 
• ltrdfDescription rdfID"PassengerVehicle"gt
• ltrdftype rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/2000/0
  1/rdf-schemaClass"/gt ltrdfssubClassOf
  rdfresource"MotorVehicle"/gt
• lt/rdfDescriptiongt 
• ltrdfDescription rdfID"Truck"gt
• ltrdftype rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/2000/0
  1/rdf-schemaClass"/gt ltrdfssubClassOf
  rdfresource"MotorVehicle"/gt
• lt/rdfDescriptiongt
• ltrdfDescription rdfID"Van"gt
• ltrdftype rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/2000/0
  1/rdf-schemaClass"/gt ltrdfssubClassOf
  rdfresource"MotorVehicle"/gt
• lt/rdfDescriptiongt 
• ltrdfDescription rdfID"MiniVan"gt
• ltrdftype rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/2000/0
  1/rdf-schemaClass"/gt ltrdfssubClassOf
  rdfresource"Van"/gt
• ltrdfssubClassOf rdfresource"PassengerVehicle
  "/gt
• lt/rdfDescriptiongt
• lt/rdfRDFgt

Class Definition and Class Relationwhip
32
Short Format
ltrdfRDF xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1999/02/22-
rdf-syntax-ns" xmlnsrdfs"http//www.w3.org/
2000/01/rdf-schema"gt  ltrdfsClass
rdfID"MotorVehicle"gt ltrdfssubClassOf
rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema
Resource"/gt lt/rdfsClassgt  ltrdfsClass
rdfID"PassengerVehicle"gt ltrdfssubClassOf
rdfresource"MotorVehicle"/gt lt/rdfsClassgt  ltr
dfsClass rdfID"Truck"gt ltrdfssubClassOf
rdfresource"MotorVehicle"/gt lt/rdfsClassgt lt
rdfsClass rdfID"Van"gt ltrdfssubClassOf
rdfresource"MotorVehicle"/gt lt/rdfsClassgt lt
rdfsClass rdfID"MiniVan"gt ltrdfssubClassOf
rdfresource"Van"/gt ltrdfssubClassOf
rdfresource"PassengerVehicle"/gt lt/rdfsClassgt
lt/rdfRDFgt
33
Definition of Property Using RDF Schema

• ltrdfRDF xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1999/02/22-
  rdf-syntax-ns" xmlnsrdfs"http//www.w3.org/20
  00/01/rdf-schema"gt
•  
• ltrdfDescription rdfID"registeredTo"gt
• ltrdftype rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/1999/0
  2/22-rdf-syntax-nsProperty"/gt ltrdfsdomain
  rdfresource"MotorVehicle"/gt
• ltrdfsrange rdfresource"http//www.example.org
  /classesPerson"/gt
• lt/rdfDescriptiongt 
• ltrdfDescription rdfID"rearSeatLegRoom"gt
• ltrdftype rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/1999/0
  2/22-rdf-syntax-nsProperty"/gt ltrdfsdomain
  rdfresource"PassengerVehicle"/gt
• ltrdfsrange rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/2001
  /XMLSchemainteger"/gt
• lt/rdfDescriptiongt 
• lt/rdfRDFgt

34
Property Definition Short Format
ltrdfRDF xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1999/02/22-
rdf-syntax-ns" xmlnsrdfs"http//www.w3.org/20
00/01/rdf-schema"gt   ltrdfProperty
rdfID"registeredTo"gt ltrdfsdomain
rdfresource"MotorVehicle"/gt ltrdfsrange
rdfresource"http//www.example.org/classesPerso
n"/gt lt/rdfPropertygt  ltrdfProperty
rdfID"rearSeatLegRoom"gt ltrdfsdomain
rdfresource"PassengerVehicle"/gt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/200
1/XMLSchemainteger"/gt lt/rdfPropertygt  lt/rdfRD
Fgt
35
Relationship between Properties

• ltrdfRDF xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1999/02/22
  -rdf-syntax-ns" xmlnsrdfs"http//www.w3.org/20
  00/01/rdf-schema"gt 
• ltrdfDescription rdfID"biologicalParent"gt
• ltrdftype rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/1999/0
  2/22-rdf-syntax-nsProperty"/gt
• lt/rdfDescriptiongt 
• ltrdfDescription rdfID"biologicalFather"gt
• ltrdftype rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/1999/0
  2/22-rdf-syntax-nsProperty"/gt
• ltrdfssubPropertyOf rdfresource"biologicalPar
  ent"/gt
• lt/rdfDescriptiongt 
• lt/rdfRDFgt

36

• ltrdfRDF
• xmlnsrdf"http//www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-synta
  x-ns" xmlnsrdfs"http//www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-s
  chema" xmlnsdc"http//purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
  "
• xmlnsdcterms"http//purl.org/dc/terms/"gt
• ltrdfProperty rdfabout"http//purl.org/dc/elemen
  ts/1.1/relation"gt 
• ltrdfslabel xmllang"en-US"gtRelationlt/rdfslabel
  gt  
• ltrdfscomment xmllang"en-US"gtA reference to a
  related resource.lt/rdfscommentgt  
• ltdcdescription xmllang"en-US"gtRecommended
  best practice is to reference the resource by
  means of a string or number conforming to a
  formal identification system.lt/dcdescriptiongt  
• ltrdfsisDefinedBy rdfresource"http//purl.org/d
  c/elements/1.1/" /gt  
• ltdctermsissuedgt1999-07-02lt/dctermsissuedgt  
• lt/rdfPropertygt
• ltrdfProperty rdfabout"http//purl.org/dc/terms/
  isPartOf"gt 
• ltrdfslabel xmllang"en-US"gtIs Part
  Oflt/rdfslabelgt  
• ltrdfscomment xmllang"en-US"gtThe described
  resource is a physical or logical part of the
  referenced resource.lt/rdfscommentgt  
• ltrdfssubPropertyOf rdfresource"http//purl.org
  /dc/elements/1.1/relation" /gt  
• ltrdfsisDefinedBy rdfresource"http//purl.org/d
  c/terms/" /gt  
• ltdctermsissuedgt2000-07-11lt/dctermsissuedgt  
• lt/rdfPropertygt

DC in RDF(S)
37
RDF Schema and Metadata Interoperablility

• If RDF Schema would be agreed as International
  Standard, Class and property associated all
  metadata can be defined as machine-readable,
  application domain and range of property can be
  limited by domain and range.
• Observance
• Active use of pre-defined names spaces.
• Can define new necessary elements, but set the
  relationship with existing elements.

38
Ontology Language

• Background of Ontology Language
• Extend the short modeling element in RDF Schema.
• Add Synonymous element, reverse relationship,
  union, and intersection to RDF Schema to build
  ontology enabling logical reasoning.
• Ontology language
• DAMLOIL
• Web Ontology Language (OWL)

39
Origins of OWL
DAML
OIL
RDF
All were influenced by RDF
DAML DARPA Agent Markup Language OIL Ontology
Inference Layer
DAMLOIL
OWL
OWL is now on track to become a W3C
Recommendation!
40
OWL Full, OWL DL, and OWL Lite

• Not everyone will need all of the capabilities
  that OWL provides. Thus, there are three
  versions of OWL

OWL Full
OWL DL
OWL Lite
DL Description Logic
41
Comparison
OWL Full OWL DL OWL Lite
Everything that has been shown in this tutorial
is available. Further, you can mix RDF Schema
definitions with OWL definitions.
You cannot use owlcardinality with
TransitiveProperty. A DL ontology cannot
import an OWL Full ontology. You cannot use a
class as a member of another class, i.e., you
cannot have metaclasses. FunctionalProperty
and InverseFunctionalProperty cannot be used with
datatypes (they can only be used with
ObjectProperty).
You cannot use owlminCardinality or
owlmaxCardinality. The only allowed values
for owlcardinality is 0 and 1. Cannot use
owlhasValue. Cannot use owldisjointWith. Cannot
use owloneOf. Cannot use owlcomplementOf. Cannot
use owlunionOf.
42
OWL-Lite Synopsis

• Property Characteristics
• ObjectProperty
• DatatypeProperty
• inverseOf
• TransitiveProperty
• SymmetricProperty
• FunctionalProperty
• InverseFunctionalProperty

• (In)Equality
• equivalentClass
• equivalentProperty
• sameAs
• differentFrom
• AllDifferent
• distinctMembers

• RDF Schema Features
• Class (Thing, Nothing)
• rdfssubClassOf
• rdfProperty
• rdfssubPropertyOf
• rdfsdomain
• rdfsrange
• Individual

43
OWL-Lite Synopsis

• Property Restrictions
• Restriction
• onProperty
• allValuesFrom
• someValuesFrom

• Restricted Cardinality
• minCardinality (only 0 or 1)
• maxCardinality (only 0 or 1)
• cardinality (only 0 or 1)

• Header Information
• Ontology
• imports

44
OWL-Lite Synopsis

• Class Intersection
• intersectionOf
• Datatypes
• xsd datatypes

• Versioning
• versionInfo
• priorVersion
• backwardCompatibleWith
• incompatibleWith
• DeprecatedClass
• DeprecatedProperty

• Annotation Properties
• rdfslabel
• rdfscomment
• rdfsseeAlso
• rdfsisDefinedBy
• AnnotationProperty
• OntologyProperty

45
OWL DL and Full Synopsis

• Boolean Combinations of Class Expressions
• unionOf
• complementOf
• intersectionOf
• Filler Information
• hasValue

• Class Axioms
• oneOf, dataRange
• disjointWith
• equivalentClass(applied to class expressions)
• rdfssubClassOf(applied to class expressions)

• Arbitrary Cardinality
• minCardinality
• maxCardinality
• cardinality

46
Animal Ontology based on DAML

• ltdamlClass rdfID"Animal"gt
• ltrdfslabelgtAnimallt/rdfslabelgt
• ltrdfscommentgtThis class of animals is
  illustrative of a number of ontological
  idioms.lt/rdfscommentgt
• lt/damlClassgt 
• ltdamlClass rdfID"Male"gt
• ltrdfssubClassOf rdfresource"Animal"/gt
• lt/damlClassgt 
• ltdamlClass rdfID"Female"gt
• ltrdfssubClassOf rdfresource"Animal"/gt
• ltdamldisjointWith rdfresource"Male"/gt
• lt/damlClassgt

47

• ltdamlObjectProperty rdfID"hasParent"gt
• ltrdfsdomain rdfresource"Animal"/gt
• ltrdfsrange rdfresource"Animal"/gt
• lt/damlObjectPropertygt 
• ltdamlObjectProperty rdfID"hasFather"gt
• ltrdfssubPropertyOf rdfresource"hasParent"/gt
  
• ltrdfsrange rdfresource"Male"/gt
• lt/damlObjectPropertygt
• ltdamlDatatypeProperty rdfID"shoesize"gt
• ltrdftype rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/2001/10
  /damloilUniqueProperty"/gt
• ltrdfsrange rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/2000/
  10/XMLSchemadecimal"/gt
• lt/damlDatatypePropertygt 
• ltdamlDatatypeProperty rdfID"age"gt
• ltrdftype rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/2001/10
  /damloilUniqueProperty"/gt
• ltrdfsrange rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/2000/
  10/XMLSchemanonNegativeInteger"/gt
• lt/damlDatatypePropertygt

48

• ltdamlClass rdfID"Person"gt
• ltrdfssubClassOf rdfresource"Animal"/gt
• ltrdfssubClassOfgt
• ltdamlRestrictiongt
• ltdamlonProperty rdfresource"hasParent"/gt
  
• ltdamltoClass rdfresource"Person"/gt
• lt/damlRestrictiongt
• lt/rdfssubClassOfgt
• ltrdfssubClassOfgt
• ltdamlRestriction damlcardinality"1"gt
• ltdamlonProperty rdfresource"hasFather"/gt
  
• lt/damlRestrictiongt
• lt/rdfssubClassOfgt
• ltrdfssubClassOfgt
• ltdamlRestrictiongt
• ltdamlonProperty rdfresource"shoesize"/gt
  ltdamlminCardinalitygt1lt/damlminCardinalitygt
  
• lt/damlRestrictiongt
• lt/rdfssubClassOfgt
• lt/damlClassgt

49
Why Ontology?

• Query to need understanding on the semantics of
  information
• Provide Menu list for dinner and Recommend Wine,
  but Exclude Sauterne.
• Query to request Logical Reasoning
• Can be done when trace the relations between
  classes or attributes.
• Super,Sub, Equal, Reverse, Conjuction, etc

50
WINE Ontology based on OWL Names Spaces
http//www.example.org/wine

• ltowlClass rdfID"Wine"gt
•   ltrdfssubClassOf rdfresource"http//www.examp
  le.org/foodPotableLiquid" /gt
• ltrdfssubClassOfgt
• ltowlRestrictiongt
•   ltowlonProperty rdfresource"hasMaker" /gt
•   ltowlcardinalitygt1lt/owlcardinalitygt
•   lt/owlRestrictiongt
•   lt/rdfssubClassOfgt
• ltrdfssubClassOfgt
• ltowlRestrictiongt
•   ltowlonProperty rdfresource"hasMaker" /gt
•   ltowlallValuesFrom rdfresource"Winery" /gt
  
•   lt/owlRestrictiongt
•   lt/rdfssubClassOfgt
• ltrdfssubClassOfgt
• ltowlRestrictiongt
•   ltowlonProperty rdfresource"madeFromGrape"
  /gt
•   ltowlminCardinalitygt1lt/owlminCardinalitygt
•   lt/owlRestrictiongt

51
ltrdfssubClassOfgt ltowlRestrictiongt  
ltowlonProperty rdfresource"hasSugar" /gt  
ltowlcardinalitygt1lt/owlcardinalitygt  
lt/owlRestriction lt/rdfssubClassOfgt ltrdfssubC
lassOfgt ltowlRestrictiongt   ltowlonProperty
rdfresource"hasFlavor" /gt  
ltowlcardinalitygt1lt/owlcardinalitygt  
lt/owlRestrictiongt lt/rdfssubClassOfgt ltrdfssub
ClassOfgt ltowlRestrictiongt   ltowlonProperty
rdfresource"hasBody" /gt   ltowlcardinalitygt1
lt/owlcardinalitygt   lt/owlRestrictiongt lt/rdfs
subClassOfgt
52
ltrdfssubClassOfgt ltowlRestrictiongt  
ltowlonProperty rdfresource"hasColor" /gt  
ltowlcardinalitygt1lt/owlcardinalitygt  
lt/owlRestrictiongt lt/rdfssubClassOfgt lt/owlClas
sgt ltowlObjectProperty rdfID"hasWineDescriptor"
gt   ltrdfsdomain rdfresource"Wine" /gt  
ltrdfsrange rdfresource"WineDescriptor"
/gt lt/owlObjectPropertygt ltowlClass
rdfID"WineDescriptor"gt   ltrdfscommentgtMade
WineDescriptor unionType of tastes and
colorlt/rdfscommentgt ltowlunionOf
rdfparseType"Collection"gt   ltowlClass
rdfabout"WineTaste" /gt   ltowlClass
rdfabout"WineColor" /gt   lt/owlunionOfgt lt/owl
Classgt ltowlClass rdfID"WineTaste"gt  
ltrdfssubClassOf rdfresource"WineDescriptor"
/gt lt/owlClassgt
53
ltowlObjectProperty rdfID"hasSugar"gt  
ltrdftype rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/2002/7/
owlFunctionalProperty" /gt   ltrdfssubPropertyOf
rdfresource"hasWineDescriptor" /gt  
ltrdfsrange rdfresource"WineSugar" /gt
lt/owlObjectPropertygt ltowlClass
rdfID"WineSugar"gt   ltrdfssubClassOf
rdfresource"WineTaste" /gt ltowloneOf
rdfparseType"Collection"gt   ltowlItem
rdfresource"Sweet" /gt   ltowlItem
rdfresource"OffDry" /gt   ltowlItem
rdfresource"Dry" /gt   lt/owloneOfgt lt/owlClas
sgt
54
ltowlObjectProperty rdfID"hasColor"gt  
ltrdftype rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/2002/7/
owlFunctionalProperty" /gt   ltrdfssubPropertyOf
rdfresource"hasWineDescriptor" /gt  
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource"Wine" /gt  
ltrdfsrange rdfresource"WineColor" /gt
lt/owlObjectPropertygt ltowlClass
rdfID"WineColor"gt   ltrdfssubClassOf
rdfresource"WineDescriptor" /gt ltowloneOf
rdfparseType"Collection"gt   ltowlItem
rdfresource"White" /gt   ltowlItem
rdfresource"Rose" /gt   ltowlItem
rdfresource"Red" /gt   lt/owloneOfgt lt/owlClas
sgt
55
ltowlObjectProperty rdfID"hasBody"gt  
ltrdftype rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/2002/7/
owlFunctionalProperty" /gt   ltrdfssubPropertyOf
rdfresource"hasWineDescriptor" /gt  
ltrdfsrange rdfresource"WineBody" /gt
lt/owlObjectPropertygt ltowlClass
rdfID"WineBody"gt   ltrdfssubClassOf
rdfresource"WineTaste" /gt ltowloneOf
rdfparseType"Collection"gt   ltowlItem
rdfresource"Light" /gt   ltowlItem
rdfresource"Medium" /gt   ltowlItem
rdfresource"Full" /gt   lt/owloneOfgt lt/owlCla
ssgt
56
ltowlObjectProperty rdfID"hasFlavor"gt  
ltrdftype rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/2002/7/
owlFunctionalProperty" /gt   ltrdfssubPropertyOf
rdfresource"hasWineDescriptor" /gt  
ltrdfsrange rdfresource"WineFlavor" /gt
lt/owlObjectPropertygt ltowlClass
rdfID"WineFlavor"gt   ltrdfssubClassOf
rdfresource"WineTaste" /gt ltowloneOf
rdfparseType"Collection"gt   ltowlItem
rdfresource"Delicate" /gt   ltowlItem
rdfresource"Moderate" /gt   ltowlItem
rdfresource"Strong" /gt   lt/owloneOfgt lt/owlC
lassgt
57
FOOD Ontology http//www.example.org/food

• ltowlClass rdfID"ConsumableThing" /gt
• ltowlClass rdfID"NonConsumableThing"gt
•   ltowlcomplementOf rdfresource"ConsumableThin
  g" /gt
• lt/owlClassgt
• ltowlClass rdfID"EdibleThing"gt
•   ltrdfssubClassOf rdfresource"ConsumableThing
  " /gt
• lt/owlClassgt
• ltowlClass rdfID"PotableLiquid"gt
•   ltrdfssubClassOf rdfresource"ConsumableThing
  " /gt
•   ltowldisjointWith rdfresource"EdibleThing"
  /gt
• lt/owlClassgt
• ltowlClass rdfID"Wine"gt
•   ltowlsameClassAs rdfresource"http//www.examp
  le.org/wineWine" /gt
• lt/owlClassgt

58

• ltowlClass rdfID"MealCourse"gt
• ltrdfssubClassOf rdfresource"ConsumableThing"
  /gt
• ltrdfssubClassOfgt
• ltowlRestrictiongt
•   ltowlonProperty rdfresource"hasFood" /gt
•   ltowlminCardinalitygt1lt/owlminCardinalitygt
•   lt/owlRestrictiongt
• lt/rdfssubClassOfgt
• ltrdfssubClassOfgt
• ltowlRestrictiongt
•   ltowlonProperty rdfresource"hasFood" /gt
•   ltowlallValuesFrom rdfresource"EdibleThing
  " /gt
•   lt/owlRestrictiongt
• lt/rdfssubClassOfgt
• ltrdfssubClassOfgt
• ltowlRestrictiongt
•   ltowlonProperty rdfresource"hasDrink" /gt
•   ltowlminCardinalitygt1lt/owlminCardinalitygt
•   lt/owlRestrictiongt

59
ltowlClass rdfID"Meal"gt   ltrdfssubClassOf
rdfresource"ConsumableThing" /gt
ltrdfssubClassOfgt ltowlRestrictiongt  
ltowlonProperty rdfresource"course" /gt  
ltowlminCardinalitygt1lt/owlminCardinalitygt  
lt/owlRestrictiongt   lt/rdfssubClassOfgt ltrdfs
subClassOfgt ltowlRestrictiongt  
ltowlonProperty rdfresource"course" /gt  
ltowlallValuesFrom rdfresource"MealCourse"
/gt lt/owlRestrictiongt   lt/rdfssubClassOfgt  
ltowldisjointWith rdfresource"MealCourse" /gt
  ltowldisjointWith rdfresource"PotableLiquid
" /gt   ltowldisjointWith rdfresource"EdibleTh
ing" /gt lt/owlClassgt
60
ltowlClass rdfID"Pasta"gt   ltrdfssubClassOf
rdfresource"EdibleThing" /gt  
ltowldisjointWith rdfresource"Meat" /gt  
ltowldisjointWith rdfresource"Fowl" /gt  
ltowldisjointWith rdfresource"Seafood" /gt  
ltowldisjointWith rdfresource"Dessert" /gt  
ltowldisjointWith rdfresource"Fruit" /gt
lt/owlClassgt ltowlClass rdfID"PastaWithWhiteSa
uce"gt   ltrdfssubClassOf rdfresource"Pasta"
/gt   ltowldisjointWith rdfresource"PastaWithR
edSauce" /gt lt/owlClassgt ltowlClass
rdfID"PastaWithRedSauce"gt   ltrdfssubClassOf
rdfresource"Pasta" /gt lt/owlClassgt
61
ltowlClass rdfID"PastaWithSpicyRedSauceCourse"gt
ltowlintersectionOf rdfparseType"Collection"gt  
ltowlClass rdfabout"MealCourse" /gt
ltowlRestrictiongt   ltowlonProperty
rdfresource"hasFood" /gt   ltowlallValuesFro
m rdfresource"PastaWithSpicyRedSauce" /gt
  lt/owlRestrictiongt   lt/owlintersectionOfgt lt
rdfssubClassOfgt ltowlRestrictiongt  
ltowlonProperty rdfresource"hasDrink" /gt
ltowlallValuesFromgt ltowlRestrictiongt
ltowlonProperty rdfresource"http//www.examp
le.org/winehasColor" /gt   ltowlhasValue
rdfresource"Red" /gt   lt/owlRestrictiongt
  lt/owlallValuesFromgt   lt/owlRestrictiongt  
lt/rdfssubClassOfgt
62
ltrdfssubClassOfgt ltowlRestrictiongt  
ltowlonProperty rdfresource"hasDrink" /gt
ltowlallValuesFromgt ltowlRestrictiongt  
ltowlonProperty rdfresource"http//www.example.
org/winehasBody" /gt   ltowlhasValue
rdfresource"Full" /gt   lt/owlRestrictiongt  
lt/owlallValuesFromgt lt/owlRestrictiongt lt/rdfss
ubClassOfgt ltrdfssubClassOfgt ltowlRestrictiongt  
ltowlonProperty rdfresource"hasDrink" /gt
ltowlallValuesFromgt ltowlRestrictiongt  
ltowlonProperty rdfresource"http//www.exampl
e.org/winehasFlavor" /gt   ltowlhasValue
rdfresource"Strong" /gt   lt/owlRestrictiongt
  lt/owlallValuesFromgt   lt/owlRestrictiongt lt/rd
fssubClassOfgt
63
ltrdfssubClassOfgt ltowlRestrictiongt ltowlonPr
operty rdfresource"hasDrink" /gt
ltowlallValuesFromgt ltowlRestrictiongt  
ltowlonProperty rdfresource"http//www.exampl
e.org/winehasSugar" /gt   ltowlhasValue
rdfresource"Dry" /gt  
lt/owlRestrictiongt   lt/owlallValuesFromgt lt/owl
Restrictiongt   lt/rdfssubClassOfgt lt/owlClassgt
ltowlClass rdfID"PastaWithSpicyRedSauce"gt  
ltrdfssubClassOf rdfresource"PastaWithRedSauce
" /gt lt/owlClassgt
64
Semantic Web and Application of Ontology

• Semantic Inter-Operability of Metadata
• New Information Service based on Ontology

65
Semantic Inter-Operability of Metadata

• Power of TRIPLE
• Enable collecting data which have necessary
  relationship of defined ontologies
• Can retrieve other version (hasVersion),
  accompanied material(hasPart), replacement
  (replaces), same content but other format
  (hasFormat), references (references), and
  integrate mutually related resources.
• subPropertyOf, samePropertyAs
• samePropertyAs same named attribute name.
• subPropertyOf detailed retrieval using
  sub-attribute.
• subClassOf, sameClassAs
• Selection of query using class super-sub
  relationship.
• Extend the query using same meaning classes.
• Effective Information Integration using
  relationships between various classes and
  attributes provided by Ontology language.
• Data Mining through Logical Reasoning.

66
New Information Service Based on Ontology

• Query 1
• Find the information on Researcher James
  Hendler
• Query 2
• Find papers that refer SHOE to be co-written by
  James Hendler.
• SHOE is different to shoes

67
New Information Service Based on Ontology

• Query 3
• Recommend the suitable wine for hot Pasta
• Query 4
• Find the services that can process tour iternery
  in given schedule by some conference
  automatically.
• Query 5
• Find the service to provide Narita-San Francisco
  the cheapest Air-Ticket with Specific credit
  card, and Reserve it.
• Query 6
• Find the services that integrate the various
  exhibition, meeting plans into private
  information system.