The Roaring 20

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The Roaring 20s

• America After WWI

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A Return to Normalcy

• This became Warren G. Hardings campaign slogan
  when he accidentally messed up the word,
  Normality
• Americans loved it and elected him

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Fighting the Recession

• After WWI, 2 million soldiers were looking for
  work
• Factories were closing because they were no
  longer getting orders for wartime goods from
  European nations

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Republicans Rule the 1920s
Warren G. Harding 1921-1923 (died in office)

• HARD-COOL-HOOV
• All the presidents of the 1920s were Republican
• The names of the 3 presidents are Harding,
  Coolidge, and Hoover
• Warren G. Harding died in office, probably due to
  shock

Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929
Herbert Hoover 1929-1933
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President Hardings Corrupt Cabinet

• Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon, a
  wealthy financier
• Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, famous for
  his food raising efforts during WWI
• Ohio Gang Hardings old friends from Ohio who
  were corrupt and stole money from the government

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Charles Forbes

• One of Hardings old buddies
• Head of the Veterans Bureau
• Stole millions of dollars from the bureau
• I can take care of my enemies all right, but
  myfriends, theyre the ones that keep me walking
  the floors at night! Hoover
• Herbert Hoover was very hard-working and honest,
  but his friends were not
• After a bunch of betrayals, Harding died of a
  heart attack in August, 1923

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The Teapot Dome Scandal

• Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall accepted a
  bribe to lease government land to oil executives
• One of these areas was called Teapot Dome in
  Wyoming
• Fall was sent to prison

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Vice President Calvin Coolidge Becomes President

• Silent Cal spoke and spent little (Harding
  loved to throw parties and give long speeches)
• He forced corrupt officials to resign
• He was re-elected in 1924 with the slogan Keep
  Cool With Coolidge

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From War Goods to Consumer Goods

• Coolidge cut regulations on businesses
• Americans incomes rose
• People began to buy refrigerators, radios,
  vacuums, and other appliances
• Businesses began to advertise their products

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Coolidge Prosperity

• The business of America is business. The man who
  builds a factory builds a temple. The man who
  works there worships there.
• Calvin Coolidge
• What does President Calvin Coolidge believe
  American Prosperity rests on?

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Buying on Credit

• Installment Buying Buying on Credit (Buy now,
  pay later)
• Demands for goods jumped, but so did Americans
  debt
• If we want anything, all we have to do is go and
  buy it on credit. So that leaves us without any
  economic problems whatsoever, except that perhaps
  some day to have to pay for them.
• Comedian Will Rogers

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Soaring Stock Market

• By the late 1920s, more people were investing in
  the stock market
• People became rich overnight
• Bull Market Period of rapidly increasing stock
  prices
• Prices of stocks rose more quickly than the value
  of the companies themselves

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American Foreign Policy in the 1920s

• Most all Americans (including Harding and
  Coolidge) wanted to remain isolationist
• HOWEVER
• 1. The U.S. still needed to protect economic
  interests in Mexico
• 2. The U.S. gave 10 million in aid to Russia
  during a famine
• 3. The U.S. still signed the Kellogg-Briand
  Pact with 61 other nations (which outlawed war)

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Hopeful that, encouraged by their example, all
the other nations of the world will join in this
humane endeavor and by adhering to the present
Treaty as soon as it comes into force bring their
peoples within the scope of its beneficent
provisions, thus uniting the civilized nations of
the world in a common renunciation of war as an
instrument of their national policy -Section of
the Kellogg-Briand Pact http//www.yale.edu/lawweb
/avalon/imt/kbpact.htm
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Women Gain the Right to Vote

• 19th Amendment in 1920 gave women the right to
  vote
• Carrie Chapman Catt set up the League of Women
  Voters
• This group tried to educate voters and ensure the
  right of women to serve on juries

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Ana Roque de Duprey

• Fought for the right to vote for women in Puerto
  Rico
• Puerto Rican women got the right to vote in 1929

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Life Changes for Women

• Women were told to go back home when the men came
  home to the factories after WWI
• Many women stayed in the workforce as typists,
  cleaners, cooks, servants, seamstresses,
  teachers, secretaries, and store clerks
• Many women bought ready-made clothing instead of
  making their own
• Many women bought appliances to help them with
  housework after working a full day outside of the
  home

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Impact of the Automobile

• Car sales grew rapidly in the 1920s because Henry
  Fords assembly line made them so cheap
• General Motors also became a popular seller of
  cars

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Changing Lifestyles Due to the Automobile

• Millions of jobs were created through factories,
  oil refineries, roads, highways, truck stops, gas
  stations, restaurants and tourist stops
• Many Americans began to move to the suburbs to
  escape crowded conditions in cities

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Mass Culture

• Radio
• Movies

(Above, lines outside a movie theatre) (Left,
family listening to the radio
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The Jazz Age

• Fashion Fads, flappers

• Marathon Dancing

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More Fads

• Flagpole sitting Where young people would sit
  for hours and even days on top of a flagpole.
  (The record 21 days!)

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The Dance Craze

• The Charleston
• Has a quick beat
• Dancers kick out their feet
• Popular dance for Flappers Women who wore short
  skirts (to the knees), bright red lipstick, hair
  cut short, smoked and drank in public, and drove
  fast cars

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New Music

• Jazz Born in New Orleans, created by African
  Americans, combination of West African rhythms,
  African American songs and spirituals, European
  harmonies
• Listen to the song Heebie Jeebies- What
  different rhythms can you recognize?
• Famous jazz musicians Louis Armstrong, Bessie
  Smith, Jelly Roll Morton

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A New Generation of American Writers

• Depressed about their awful experiences in World
  War I
• Criticized Americans for being obsessed with
  money and fun
• Many became expatriates (people who leave their
  own country to live in a foreign land) and moved
  to Europe

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Ernest Hemingway

• Wrote about experiences of Americans during WWI
  and in Europe
• Wrote A Farewell to Arms, The Sun Also Rises, The
  Old Man in the Sea

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F. Scott Fitzgerald

• Wrote about wealthy young people who go to
  constant parties but cannot find happiness
• He wrote The Great Gatsby
• His characters had flappers, bootleggers, and
  movie makers

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Sinclair Lewis

• Grew up in a small town in Minnesota and moved to
  New York City
• He wrote books about rural people from a city
  persons perspective (making them look stupid)
• Wrote Main Street and Babbitt

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The Harlem Renaissance

• In the 1920s, many African American artists
  settled in Harlem, New York City
• Black artists, musicians, and writers celebrated
  their African and American heritage

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Harlem Renaissance Poets

• Claude McKay From Jamaica, wrote the poem, If
  We Must Die that condemned lynchings
• Countee Cullen Taught high school in Harlem,
  wrote of the experiences of African Americans

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Zora Neale Hurston

• Write novels, short essays, short stories
• Traveled throughout the South in a battered car
  collecting folk tales, songs, and prayers of
  black southerners
• Published these in her book, Mules and Men

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Langston Hughes

• Most well-known of the Harlem Renaissance poets
• Also wrote plays, short stories, and essays
• First poem, The Negro Speaks of Rivers
• Encouraged African Americans to be proud of their
  heritage
• Protested racism and acts of violence against
  blacks

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The night is beautiful, So the faces of my
people. The stars are beautiful, So the eyes of
my people. Beautiful also, is the sun. Beautiful
also, are the souls of my people. -Langston
Hughes, In My People
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Heroes of the 1920s

• Athletes
• Bobby Jones Won nearly every golfing
  championship
• Jack Dempsey Heavyweight boxing champion for 7
  years
• Bill Tilden and Helen Willis Tennis champions
• Gertrude Ederle 1st woman to swim the English
  Channel

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Babe Ruth

• Grew up in an orphanage
• Often in trouble as a boy
• Hit 60 homeruns in one season, and 714 overall
• Called the Sultan of Swat

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Charles Lindbergh

• The greatest hero of the 1920s
• The first person to fly an airplane across the
  Atlantic Ocean alone
• Flew from New York to Paris
• Called Lucky Lindy because he had to fly for 33
  ½ hours and didnt carry a parachute, a radio, or
  a map

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The Noble Experiment

• Prohibition
• How did Prohibition help lead to organized
  Crime????

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