Psychodynamic Theory

1
Theories of Development

• Psychodynamic Theory
• Epigenetic Theory
• Genetic Epistemology
• Cognitive-Mediation Theory
• Individual Psychology
• Social-Cognitive Learning Theory

2
Zone of Proximal Development

• Creator Lev Vygotsky
• (1896-1934)
• Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
• The notion of ZPD implies that a child's
  development is determined by social interaction
  and collaborative problem-solving.
• Development is guided by culture and
  interpersonal communication.
• ZPD refers to the gap between what a given child
  can achieve alone and what they can achieve under
  adult guidance.
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• Higher mental functions develop through social
  interactions with significant people in a child's
  life, particularly parents.
• Through these interactions
• Children come to learn the habits of mind of
  their culture
• Including speech patterns, written language, and
  other symbolic knowledge through which the child
  derives meaning and affects a child's
  construction of their knowledge

3
Zone of Proximal Development

• Every function in the childs cultural
  development appears twice
• Between people (interpsychological)
• Inside the child (intrapsychological).
• This applies equally to voluntary attention,
  logical memory, and to
• the formation of ideas.
• All the higher functions originate as actual
  relationships between individuals.

4
Zone of Proximal Development

• STAGES OF CONCEPT FORMATION
• These were analyzed using a task based on wooden
  blocks labeled with nonsense syllables.
• Children have to work out what the syllable
  means, e.g., long and thin.
• Four stages were identified.

5
Zone of Proximal Development
6
Zone of Proximal Development

• Teaching Methods
• Reciprocal Teaching
• Fostering Communities of Learners
• Cultural Mediation
• Vygotsky believed that private speech was
  essential to growth.
• Internalization
• The specific knowledge gained by a child through
  interactions with others represents the shared
  knowledge of a culture.
• The mastery of skills occurs through the activity
  of the child within society.
• Riding a bike, driving a car, drinking a can of
  coke