Species interactions and biodiversity

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Species interactions and biodiversity
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Interactions between species
Effect of species 2 on species 1
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Mutualisms

• Obligate
• Termites and protozoa
• Cellular organelles
• Leaf cutter ants and their fungi
• Ant-Acacia?

• Facultative
• Seed dispersal
• Cleaner fish
• Pollination

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Mutualism - pollination
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Commensalism Cyamus erraticus on a
juvenile southern right whale, Eubalaena
australis
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Cyamus ovalis
male
female
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Where are the parasites???
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Biodiversity-levels

• Genes
• Genomes
• Behavior
• Species
• Species interactions
• Species-environment interactions

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Biodiversity

• Genes
• Genomes
• Behavior
• Species-Bugs rule!
• Species interactions
• Species-environment interactions

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Most species are small
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Insects are habitat specialists
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The importance of biological diversity

• Aesthetic Biodiversity for biodiversity sake
• Function
• Ecosystem goods and services
• Water purification
• Generation and preservation of fertile soils
• Pollination of crops and natural vegetation
• Control of agricultural pests

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Dung beetles and burial

• Key functions
• Nutrient cycling
• Seed dispersal

Function is lost rapidly ? the most important
species are lost first!
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Strategies for conservation, a hopeful note?

• Using human welfare to promote conservation goals
• Ecosystem services perspective
• THE VALUE OF EVERYTHING
• Annual value of GLOBAL services US33 trillion!
  
• 1.8 times global GDP
• Examples Forests and carbon sequestration, water
  purification

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San Bernardino Valley a landscape - scale
experiment
United States-Mexico border
Before 1979, the San Valley was entirely Ranch
lands After 1979, grazing was
discontinued After the National Wildlife Refuge
was established
San Bernardino River
North
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Picnic Bowls- one collecting technique
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Rarefaction curves- all bee surveys
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Rarefaction curves - Bird Communities
Number species
Number birds sampled
James Rathbun 1981
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Insect morphology
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Insect Orders
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Order Collembola springtails
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Order Thysanura silverfish
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Order Ephemeroptera mayflies
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Order Odonata dragonflies
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Order Plecoptera stoneflies
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Order Orthoptera crickets, kaydids, grasshoppers
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Order Dermaptera earwigs
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Order Dictyoptera

• Mantids

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Order Dictyoptera
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Order Dictyopotera

• Cockroaches

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Order Isoptera

• Termites (the social Cockroaches)

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Order Hemiptera true bugs
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Order Hemiptera
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Order Hemiptera
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Order Thysanoptera thrips
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Order Phthiraptera lice
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Order Phthiraptera
Pubic louse
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Order Neuroptera lacewings, antlions, owlflies
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Order Nueroptera
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Order Coleoptera Beetles
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Order Coleoptera
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Order Hymenoptera wasps, ants, bees
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Order Hymenoptera
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Order Lepidoptera moths, butterflies
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Order Lepidoptera
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Order Siphonaptera fleas
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Order Diptera flies