Life Cycle Assessment IV

1
Life Cycle Assessment IV

• INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
  AND ISO 14000

2
Contents

1. Global environmental problems
2. Sustainable development
3. Extended Produces Responsibility (EPR)
4. Environmental management (EM)
5. Environmental standardisation
6. International standards
7. ISO 14000 series
8. Environmental Performance Evaluation (EPE)
9. Environmental Labelling (EL)
10. Standardisation of LCA
11. Design for Environment (DfE)
12. Environmental Management Systems (EMS)

3
Environmental Problems

Local, Regional
Global
4
Global Environmental Problems

• Green house effect/climate change
• Ozone layer depletion
• Acidification
• Contamination of drinking water
• Pollution of oceans and coastal waters
• Deforestation
• Desertification
• Loss of species (flora fauna)
• Managing hazardous wastes
• (U.N. identified top ten environmental
  issues in 1989)

5
PAST ENVIRONMENTAL INCIDENCES

• Minamata Disease
• - Japan (1968)
• Three Mile Island Nuclear Accident
• - USA (1979)
• Bhopal chemical Accident
• - India (1984)
• Chernobyl nuclear disaster
• - Ukraine (1986)
• Exxon Valdez tanker accident
• - USA (1989)

6
Minamata Bay, Japan

• 1953- outbreak of polio-like disease among
  coastal fishing villages
• 1953 startup of acetaldehyde production at a
  coastal factory using mercuric oxide as a
  catalyst
• Stray cats went crazy after eating fish
• 1968-mercury diagnosed as cause of 2000 disease
  victims

7
Polluting with HG
Discharge in Minamata Bay
8
Minamata disease-infants

• Mental retardation in infants
• Abnormal reflexes, ataxia, involuntary movements
• Cerebral palsy
• Developmental delayssome didnt walk until age 7

9
Minamata disease in adults

• Paresthesia-numbness pins and needles
• Cerebellar ataxia, tremors, convulsions
• Constriction of visual fields, loss of smell
• Loss of hearing, dizziness, insomnia
• Dysarthria -speech disorder. Speech is slow,
  weak, imprecise or uncoordinated.
• Cognitive impairments, such as inattention,
  excitement, hallucinosis, loss of intelligence

10
(No Transcript)
11
Three Mile Island
12
Three Mile Island

• Three Mile Island took place on March 28, 1979,
  in Pennsylvania when equipment malfunctions,
  design related problems and worker errors, led to
  a partial meltdown of the TMI-2 reactor core but
  only a very small amount of off-site
  radioactivity releases took place.

13
Chernobyl
14

• Chernobyl took place on April 26, 1986, in the
  former Soviet Union. It was the result of a
  flawed reactor design trained and inadequate
  personnel.
• The technicians allowed the power in the fourth
  reactor to fall to low levels as part of a
  controlled experiment which went wrong. As a
  result, the reactor overheated and caused a
  meltdown of the core.
• The steam explosion and fire released about five
  percent of the radioactive reactor core into the
  atmosphere and downwind into the surrounding
  area. The clouds of deadly radioactive material
  stayed in the atmosphere for over 10 days.

15
Consequences

• The people of Chernobyl were exposed to
  radioactivity 100 times greater than the
  Hiroshima bomb, killing thirty people
  immediately.
• The clouds of radioactive material spread
  globally and 70 of the radiation is estimated to
  have fallen on Belarus. Ten years later babies
  are still being born with no arms, no eyes, or
  only stumps for limbs.
• The accident has victimized over 15 million
  people in some way and cost over 60 billion
  dollars in health care. More than 600,000 people
  involved with the cleanup are now dead or sick.

16

• An estimated 20 million Soviets were exposed to
  radioactivity, resulting in as many as 5,000
  deaths. The accident may yet cause up to 300,000
  deaths, ultimately claiming more victims than did
  WWII.
• In the former Soviet republics of Belarus,
  Ukraine and Russia there was twice the normal
  rate of birth defects among those living in the
  vicinity of the plant. Thyroid glands of more
  than 150,000 people were "seriously affected" by
  doses of radioactive iodine. 800,000 children are
  at risk of contracting leukemia. Even the U.S.
  felt the effects as demonstrated by a small
  excess mortality in May 1986.

17
Environmental Effects

• The radioactive fallout was detected all over the
  world, from Finland to South Africa. Two million
  acres of land in Belarus and Ukraine, including
  20 of Belarus farmland, could not be exploited
  and one-fifth (1/5) of the republic of Belarus'
  more than 10 million people have to be moved from
  areas contaminated by radiation, including 27
  cities and more than 2,600 villages.
• 26 billion was allotted for the resettlement of
  the 200,000 people still living in the irradiated
  areas and it may end up costing 400 billion.
• It will take up to 200 years before the effects
  of Chernobyl are no longer felt in the affected
  areas.

18

• Radioactive contamination of Europe including
  Chernobyl fallout.

19
Bhopal Disaster December 3, 1984
Slide 19
20
Bhopal Disaster

• On December 3, 1984, a chemical accident occurred
  at Bhopal, India.
• Resulted in the deaths of over 2,000 people and
  injuries to tens of thousands.
• Disaster had a profound effect on Canadas
  emergency planning.
• After this event, the federal Department of
  Environment initiated a Bhopal Aftermath Review
  Project.

21
Bhopal Aftermath Review Project

• Department of the Environment led an industry and
  government steering committee to examine the
  potential for Bhopal-type accidents in Canada.
• Bhopal Aftermath Review An Assessment of the
  Canadian Situation was released in March 1986 and
  had 21 recommendations.
• Review concluded that The possibility of a major
  industrial accident does exist in Canada

22
Exxon Valdez

• On the 24th of March 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil
  tanker ran aground in the Prince William Sound
  off Alaska, spilling more than 11 millions
  gallons of crude oil, affecting more than 1000
  miles of shoreline.
• A major oil spill can be very expensive
• Exxon spent some 2 billion US dollars cleaning up
  the spill, and a further 1 billion to settle
  civil and criminal charges related to the case.
• The ecological damage is impossible measured by
  money. For example, only 25 of the migratory
  salmon population returned to the area the
  following season, thousands of otters were
  poisoned, and tens of thousands of birds died.

23
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

• Development that meets the needs of the present
  without compromising the ability of future
  generations to meet their own needs
• -United Nations World Commission
  onEnvironment and Development (UNWCED)
• Sustainability means living on natures income
  rather than its capital
• -Murray Gell-Mann
• 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics

24
Golden Rule for restorative economy

• 1. Leave the world better than you find it
• 2. Take no more than you need
• 3. Try not to harm the environment
• 4. Make amends (hüvitised) if you do
• -Paul Hawken (The Ecology of Commerce)

25
Change Management
Knowledge and Information Systems
Strategy Formulation
FACTORS REQUIRED TO MAKE SUSTAINABILITY ACCESSIBLE
26
Evolution of Environmental Management Process
27
WHY ADOPT POLLUTION PREVENTION STRATEGIES?

• Environmental problems
• - population, industrialization, consumption
• - wastes, pollutants, emissions
• - dead rivers, air quality, waste dumps, acid
  rain, ozone layer
• Environmental cost
• - expensive treatment
• - investment, maintenance, chemicals
• - training of operator

28
Global Environmental Carrying Capacity has its
limit
Natural resources agricultural productivity self
purification capacity
all have limits
Irrational resource consumption irresponsible
environmental pollution from product life cycle
Raw material acquisition, manufacturing,
use, disposal
29
Industrial structure Consumption pattern Not
environmentally friendly Concern about our
future
Sustainable society may not be achievable
Environmental Loads occurring throughout a
product life cycle
Main cause of todays
environmental problem
30
The impact on the environment and business
Future society
Non material economy Service oriented
economy Wealth w/o virgin resource
consumption Recycle and reuse Resource
consumption environmental emissions
Threatened by
31
End-of pipe treatment Burdens to most
corporations No improvement in global
environmental problems
32
Extended Producer Responsibility(EPR)
The cost associated with the waste products
collection, treatment, disposal should be
borne by the manufacturer Responsibility shifts
from government and local authorities to the
manufacturers
33
Example of EPR policy

• Packaging and packaging waste order
• Germany 1992
• Packaging covenant
• the Netherlands, 1991
• Voluntary agreement on the cost bearing
• of the waste automobiles disposal
• German automakers, 1998

34
Environmental Management(EM)
In response to command and control First in
the Netherlands in early 1980s
Setting Environmental policy Identifying
significant environmental aspects of a
corporation
35
Consider suppliers and consumers Prepare
environmental and operational programs Measure
and monitor the environmental performance Audit
the environmental performance Review the overall
environmental management
36
Acceptable to the government because EM
considers entire life cycle of a product It
strives for pollution prevention rather than
end-of-pipe treatment Government relax some
command and control regulations
37
What are standards?

• Standards are documented agreements containing
  technical specifications or other precise
  criteria to be used consistently as rules,
  guidelines, or definitions of characteristics, to
  ensure that materials, products, processes and
  services are fit for their purpose. (egs. credit
  cards, phone cards etc.)

38
The need for international standardization

• Existence of non-harmonized standards for similar
  technologies in different countries or regions
  can contribute to so-called technical barriers
  to trade.
• The need to agree on world standards to help
  rationalize the international trading process.
• The origin of the establishment of ISO.

39
What is ISO ?

• The International Organization for
  Standardization (ISO) is a non-governmental
  organization based in Geneva, Switzerland.
• ISO members are the national standards bodies of
  111 countries.
• Founded in 1946, ISOs objective is to develop
  manufacturing, trade and communication standards.
  
• All standards developed by ISO are voluntary,
  however, countries often adopt ISO standards and
  make them mandatory.

40
Purpose Of An EMS

• Identify regulatory requirements
• Identify and control effects
• Establish a policy, objectives and
  targets
• Monitor performance
• Manage risks and opportunities

41
ISO 14000 - AN INTRODUCTION

• 1. Is a series of environment management
  standards
• 2. Provide structure and tool for managing the
  environmental aspects/impacts of the
  organizations activities
• 3. Include basic environmental management
  systems, auditing, labelling, performance
  evaluation, life cycling assessment and product
  standards
• Descriptive rather than prescriptive
• Preventive rather than corrective
• Voluntary
• Framework for self-regulatory

42
Why the need for EMS ISO 14000 Standards

• The purpose of the ISO international standards is
  to allow organizations to focus environmental
  efforts against an internationally accepted
  criteria.
• A single standard will ensure that there are no
  conflicts between regional interpretations of
  good environmental practice.
• The environmental management system can be
  adopted to include the organizations products,
  services, activities, operations,
  facilities,transportation, etc.

43
History of Development ISO 14000 series

• Emerged primarily as a result of the Uruguay
  round of the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs
  and Trade) negotiations and the Rio Summit on the
  Environment held in 1992.
• Generated a commitment to protection of the
  environment across the world.
• Other environmental standard-
• the British Standards Institution BS 7750.
• Canadian Standards Association environmental
  management, auditing and eco-labeling.
• European Union eco-management and audit
  regulations.

44
ISO 14000 series
Business Council for Sustainable Development
(BCSD) United Nations Committee for Sustainable
Development
Requests the standardization of the
Environmental Management Fields to ISO
in April 1991
45
Strategic Advisory Group on Environment (SAGE)
Evaluates the Necessity in October 1991
Technical Committee(TC) 207 in June 1993
Standardization of the environmental management
systems ISO 14000 series
46
ISO/TC 207

• Subcommittees
• SC1 Environmental Management
• SC2 Environmental Auditing
• SC3 Environmental Labelling
• SC4 Environmental Performance Evaluation
• SC5 Life Cycle Analysis
• SC6 Terms and Definitions
• WG1 Environmental Aspects in Product Standards

47
EMS
Improve the organizations environmental
performance continuously Benefits
Reduced cost in pollution prevention
activities Compliance with regulatory
requirements Better organizations image
Potential technical barriers to trade
48
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Environmental Management System
Environmental Performance Evaluation
Environmental Management
49
(No Transcript)
50
(No Transcript)
51
(No Transcript)
52
EPE
Environmental Performance(EP)
Results of an organizations management of its
environmental aspects

• International management process
• Selecting indicators
• Collecting and analyzing data
• Assessing information against EP criteria
• Ongoing process of
• Collection and assessment of data and
• information to provide a current evaluation
• of performance performance trends over time

53
EL
Type I Ecolabelling program Type II
Self-declared environmental claims Type III
Environmental declarations using
preset category of parameters
Marketing tool through communication of
verifiable, accurate and not misleading
information on environmental aspects of
products or services
54
Ecolabelling (Type I)
More than average environmentally friendly
products EU market
Self declared environmental claims (Type II)
Average environmentally friendly products North
American market
Environmental declarations (Type III)
Tool for the implementation of GPN GPN Green
Purchasing Network - potential solution to the
environmental problems of the present and future
society. Need LCA
55
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

• LCA studies the environmental aspects and the
  potential impacts
• Throughout a products life (cradle-to-grave)Syst
  ems perspective vs. site view
• General categories of environmental impacts
• Resource use
• Human health
• Ecosystem impacts

56
Decision Process

• Generally, the information developed in a LCA
  should be used

• As part of a much more comprehensive decision
  process or
• To understand the broad or general trade-offs
• RATIFICATION UNDER ISO 14040 LCA series

57
Impact Analysis ISO 14042
Improvement Analysis ISO14043
Goal Definition
And Scope

Inventory ISO 14041
Elements of Life Cycle Assessment (ISO 14040
-General Principles and Framework )
58
LCA
The Life Cycle Assessment Framework
Direct applications
Goal scope definition

• Product development
• Strategic Planning
• Public policy making
• Marketing
• Other

Inter- pretation
Inventory Analysis
Impact Assessment
59
ISO 14040 series LCA
LCA supporting tool for EMS and EL LCA results
identify key issues(activities, processes and
materials) of a product system environmental
issues of a corporation(EMS) of a product or
service(EL) of a new product design(DfE)
60
Life-Cycle Inventory
Raw Materials Acquisition
Inputs
Outputs
Manufacturing, Processing, and Formulation
Energy
Water Effluents
Distribution and Transportation
Airborne Emissions
Solid Wastes
Use/Re-Use/Maintenance
Other Environmental Releases
Raw Materials
Usable Products
Recycle
Waste Management
System Boundary
61
Life-Cycle Template
Energy
Water
Transportation
Raw or Intermediate Materials
Product
Coproducts
Waterborne Wastes
Atmospheric Emissions
Solid Waste
62
LCA can be used to assist in

• Pollution prevention initiatives
• Resource conservation efforts
• Internal bench marking and improvement efforts
• Understanding global impact concerns
• Triggering additional environmental assessments
  on local or regional levels

63
APPLICATIONS OF LCA

• Internal industrial use in product and services
  development and improvement
• Internal strategic planning and policy decision
  support in Government and private sectors
• External use in marketing purposes, and
• Governmental policy making in the areas of
  eco-labeling, green procurement and waste
  management opportunities

64

• ADVANTAGES OF LCA
• Facilitates decision making based on comparison
  of
• eco-efficiency of different options (e.g.
  packaging of goods)
• Shows potential for improving eco-efficiency
• Avoids transfer of environmental burdens to other
  media
• or regions
• Basis for national eco-labeling
• Useful tool for environmental management
• Benchmarking within industry sector

65
Objective Minimize Overall Impact - Avoiding
Transfer in Pollution Medium
Minimize Energy Use
Minimize Solid Waste
Minimize Air Pollutant Effects
Minimize Water Pollutant Effects
Overall Energy consumed in

• Toxicity of waste
• Effect of emitted air pollutants

• Volume of solid waste
• Toxicity of waste

• Effect of emitted water pollutants

• Resource extraction
• Manufacture
• Transportation distribution
• Recycle
• Ultimate disposal

66

• Environmental Requirements should be developed to
  minimize
• The use of natural resources ( particularly non
  renewable)
• Energy consumption
• Waste consumption
• Waste generation
• Health and safety risks
• Ecological degradation

67
Benefits of improvement based on life cycle
perspectives

• Reduction in operating costs
• Production and process improvements
• Reduced liability and risk
• Increased opportunities for innovation
• Increased opportunity for revenue generation,
  including new market openings and price premiums
• Better supplier management and
• Better relationship with customers, communities
  and regulators

68
DfE
Ecodesign Essential to the sustainable
society Ultimate target of the ISO 14000
series Concept in relation to EPR (Environmental
Performance Reviews) Cost reduction for waste
products treatment/disposal
69
Design a product easy to disassemble, easy to
reuse and recycle Design concept that reduces the
number of components, uses environmentally
friendly materials, develop common
components, minimize the quantity and
toxicity of materials for incineration/landfil
ling
70
Design a product that considers environmental
attributes of the product throughout its life
cycle Traditional aspects of a product
quality, function, cost, safety Basic
requirements Determining factor
Environmental aspects
...
71
ISO 14001 Specifications on EMS Environmental
policy Objectives, targets and programs Implementa
tion Check Review
72
Identify key environmental issues
Corporations products or service LCA or life
cycle consideration Controllable key
environmental issues Consider constraints
personnel, financial, technological
73
ISO 14001 certificate
Mere proof of EMS in place No guarantee of superb
environmental performance Conscious
implementation generates profits Faithful
implementation of EMS based on ISO
14001 Win-win strategy
74
ISO 14000 series fatal trap for the
developing countries in the international
trade arena Strategy prepare action plans
how to implement the ISO 14000 series
75
Benefits of Implementing EMS

• Enhanced Compliance of Legislation
• Reduced cost of waste management
• Savings in consumption of energy and materials
• Improved corporate image among regulators,
  customers and the public
• Framework for continuous improvement of
  environment performance