Please open books to page 272

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Please open books to page 272
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A MUSLIM CALIPHATE

• Chapter 10, Lesson 3.
• Time Period 750-1200 AD

Read the Big Picture p.272
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THE BIG PICTURE

• Centuries before the founding of Baghdad, Persian
  rulers controlled lands north of the Arabian
  peninsula from Egypt to India.
• The Persian empire was in decline in the A.D.
  600s as Islam developed in Mecca.
• This allowed Muhammad to gain control of the
  Arabian peninsula. By 700, Muslim rulers
  controlled the Mediterranean region.
• In 762 the decision to build a capital city was
  made which would become the center of Muslim
  achievements in science, art, and architecture.

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Quietly conference with your team, compare your
notes, and create the main idea The Big Picture.
Main Idea As the Persian Empire declines,
Muslims gain control of the Arabian Peninsula.
You have two minutes and must try to keep the
main idea to a sentence.
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MAP OF ARABIAN PENINSULA
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THE CALIPHATE, c. A.D. 740-760
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MAP WORK

• Which River Flowed near Baghdad?
• Which city is closest to the Persian Gulf-
  Constantinople, Baghdad, or Mecca?
• About how far is Baghdad from Mecca?
• Click for answers

1. Tigris River, Euprates River
2. Baghdad
3. About 950 miles

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HOTWORDS

• Caliphs (KAY lihfs) A Muslim leader who had
  both political and religious authority
• Mosque (MAHSK) A Muslim place of worship.

Read the Muslim Rule Baghdad, p.273
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MUSLIM RULE

• Islam was just over 100 years old
• Caliphs had been chosen to govern the land
• In many areas people welcomed Islam and became
  Muslims

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Baghdad
A statue of the caliph Al-Monsour, founder of the
city of Baghdad, watches over traffic.
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Baghdad

• From the late 700s until the 1200s Baghdad was
  the capital of the Muslim caliphate
• Baghdad had more than 1 million people making it
  one of the worlds largest cities.
• Baghdad had an international flavor, providing
  goods to purchase from all over the known world.

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Map of Baghdad and surrounding areas
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Map of Baghdad
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Downtown Baghdad
From the center of Baghdad, four main roads went
to all parts of the caliphate (empire). Traders
used these roads to bring riches from all over
the caliphate and beyond. Here are some picture
of modern day Baghdad
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Window looking out on the Tigris river
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Downtown Baghdad
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Architecture in the "old" Baghdad, or downtown
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Sightseeing in Baghdad
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Downtown market, Baghdad
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An old man in his store, Baghdad
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Grilling Fish in a Baghdad restaurant
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One of several gigantic works in progress in
Baghdad.
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View of Baghdad skyline
Picture from Global Nomad Groups
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Middle East architecture
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Quietly conference with your team, compare your
notes, and create the main idea MUSLIM RULE
Baghdad.
Main Idea In 760 Islam was 100 years old. In
that time Caliphs ruled a large area around
Arabia called the Muslim Caliphate, the capital
of which was the very prosperous city of Baghdad.
You have two minutes and must try to keep the
main idea to a sentence.
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ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE CALIPHATE
Muslims made major advances in medicine, math and
science.
Read the 274-275, Achievements of the Caliphate,
Advances in Medicine Math and Science
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He who travels in search of knowledge travels
along Allahs path of Paradise.
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Advances in Medicine

• Records show that Arabic doctors performed many
  different surgical operations including the
  removal of varicose veins, kidney stones and the
  replacement of dislocated limbs. They used
  sponges soaked in narcotic drugs which were
  placed over the patient's nose as early
  anesthetics.

The Arab Physician and scholar Ibn Sina
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Spreading the word Spreading the word
One of the most important medical books of its time was written by the physician Ali al-Husayn Abd Allah Ibn Sina (also known as Avicenna). His massive manuscript, called the Laws of Medicine, was completed around 1030 AD and translated into Latin in the 12th Century. This encyclopaedia of medicine contained five books detailing the formulation of medicines, diagnosis of disorders, general medicine and detailed therapies. It continued to be a great influence in the development of medicine in medieval Europe for hundreds of years.
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Math and Science

• Muslims created a simplified number system to
  that of the Romans which is commonly used in the
  world today.
• Muslim mathematicians built on the work of Hindu
  scholars greatly improving the field of al-jabr
  algebra
• Muslims also made great advancements in the
  field of astronomy, improving the Greeks
  astrolabe instrument

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HOTWORDS
Astrolabe An instrument invented by Muslims
that is used to determine direction by figuring
out the position of the stars
Algebra A type of mathematics to which Muslims
made great contributions
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Places of Worship
Read Places of Worship, p.275
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A Muslim Mosque
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Edirne, Turkey
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A 14th-century mosque still dominates Yazds
oldest quarter
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Places of Worship

• Muslims followed specific guidelines when
  building Muslim mosques
• A builder must do the following when building a
  mosque make sure that it faces Mecca, include a
  courtyard and prayer towers, and provide a water
  source so that worshippers can cleanse
  themselves.
• The oldest Muslim monument still standing is the
  Dome of the Rock, built in 691.

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Dome of the Rock, JerusalemArea view of the Dome
of the Rock terrace from southwest with the
Wailing Wall on the bottom right corner.
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Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem
View from the west, with Minaret Bab al-Silsila
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Detail of exterior drum tilework
Roof detail of dome with covered with alloy
containing gold
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Cross section of the Dome of the Rock
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Interior of Dome of the Rock
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Interior of Dome of the Rock
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Interior of Dome of the Rock
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Literature and Music

• Read Literature and Music, p. 275

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• Arab music covers a vast geographical area
  ranging from the Atlas Mountains and parts of the
  Sahara in Africa to the Arabian Gulf region and
  the banks of the Euphrates. Whether from Morocco,
  Egypt, or Iraq, Arabs are able to identify today
  with a multi-faceted musical heritage that
  originated in antiquity, but that gained
  sophistication and momentum during the height of
  the Islamic Empire between the eighth and the
  thirteenth centuries. Since the spread of Islam
  from the Arabian Peninsula towards the middle of
  the seventh century until the present century,
  Arab music has been shaped by five principal
  processes, some purely intellectual and cultural,
  others political.

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Ivory plaques of the Fatimid period in Egypt.
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Origins of the Arabian Nights The stories of the
Arabian Nights were written by many people over
the course of hundreds of years. The core of
original stories came out of Persia and India in
the early eighth century. They were translated
into Arabic and given the name Alf Layla or The
Thousand Nights. This set of stories was few in
number and fell far short of living up to the
number in its title.
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In Iraq in the ninth or tenth century, a group of
Arab stories were added. This new group probably
contained the tales that refer to Caliph Harun
al-Rashid. Also, in the period immediately after
this, several tales that had previously existed
outside of the Nights were incorporated into the
main body of the tales. Starting the 13th
century, another group of tales was added, these
of Syrian or Egyptian origin. In "modern" times,
additional tales were added (by Galland, for
example), and the total was brought up to the
number given in the title.
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Quietly conference with your team, compare your
notes, and create the main idea.
Main Idea The Muslim Caliphate made major
advancements in medicine, math, science,
architecture, literature and music, which
influence modern day life.
You have two minutes and must try to keep the
main idea to a sentence.
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WHY IT MATTERS

• Read, p 277, Why it matters

Next A photo pilgrimage to Mecca
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Inside Mecca
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Mecca, also Makkah

• A city in western Saudi Arabia located in the Al
  Jijaz (Hejaz) region, near Jiddah. Mecca is the
  birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad (the founder
  of Islam), the center of pilgrimage for Muslims,
  and the focal point of their daily prayers. In
  Arabic, the city is known as Makkah al-mukkaramah
  (Mecca the blessed). Pilgrimage to the city is
  one of the Five Pillars of Islam and is required
  of all able adult Muslims at least once in their
  lifetimes. The pilgrimage (hajj in Arabic) is the
  defining factor in the growth and life of the
  city. The influx of close to 2 million pilgrims
  each year during the last month of the Islamic
  calendar is a grand human spectacle as well as
  one of the largest logistical and administrative
  undertakings in the world.

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• More than two million pilgrims gather each year
  to perform Hajj.

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One of the five pillars of Islam, hajj is
required of all Muslims at least once in a
lifetime if they are physically and financially
able to do so without compromising family
responsibilities. Each year, Muslims from all
over the world embark on an epic reaffirmation of
faith and quest for salvation that peaks in and
around Mecca during five days of the last month
of the Islamic calendar.
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Muslim pilgrims on hajj gather in prayer at the
Grand Mosque in Mecca. Hajj calls for a state of
ritual sanctity and mental purity. Despite the
physical and emotional challenges facing the
pilgrims, they must not let themselves be swayed
by anger or frustration.
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Muslim pilgrims file into Meccas Grand Mosque
located at the heart of the city. Home to the
Kaaba, Islam's holiest shrine, the mosque is
designed to accommodate nearly two million
pilgrims who converge on Mecca during the hajj,
the annual Islamic pilgrimage.
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Radiant with faith, a sea of Muslims gathers in
prayer in and around Meccas Grand Mosque. At the
center of this huge mosque's central courtyard is
the Kaaba, the ancient cube-shaped structure that
is Islams holiest shrine.
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The Pilgrimage starts with the reciting of this
invocation. Here I am, Oh God, at Your
command!Here I am at Your command!You are
without associate!Here I am at Your command!To
You are all praise, grace and dominion!You are
without associate!
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The First Official Day

• On the first official day of the pilgrimage, the
  millions of pilgrims that have now gathered
  travel from Mecca to Mina, a small village east
  of the city. There they spend the day and night
  in enormous tent cities, praying, reading the
  Quran, and resting for the next day.

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The Second Official Day

• On the second day of the pilgrimage, the pilgrims
  leave Mina just after dawn to travel to the Plain
  of Arafat for the culminating experience of the
  Hajj.

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The Second Official Day

• On the second day of the pilgrimage, the pilgrims
  leave Mina just after dawn to travel to the Plain
  of Arafat for the culminating experience of the
  Hajj. On what is known as the "Day of Arafat,
  the pilgrims spend the entire day standing (or
  sitting) near the Mount of Mercy, asking Allah
  for forgiveness and making supplications. Muslims
  around the world who are not at the pilgrimage
  join them in spirit by fasting for the day.

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Pilgrims clamber on to buses to retrace
Mohammad's steps from Mecca to Mina
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The Third Official Day

• On the third day, the pilgrims move before
  sunrise, this time back to Mina. Here they throw
  their stone pebbles at pillars that represent the
  temptations of Satan. When throwing the stones,
  the pilgrims recall the story of Satans attempt
  to dissuade Abraham from following Gods command
  to sacrifice his son. The stones represent
  Abrahams
• After casting the pebbles, most pilgrims slaugter
  and animal (often a sheep or a goat) and give
  away the meat to the poor. This is a symbolic act
  that shows their willingness to part with
  something that is precious to them, just as the
  Prophet Abraham was prepared to sacrifice his son
  at Gods command.

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The Fourth Official Day

• The pilgrims then return to Mecca and perform
  seven tawaf, turns around the Kaaba, the house
  of worship built by Abraham and his son. In other
  rites, the pilgrims pray near a place called The
  Station of Abraham, which is reportedly where
  Abraham stood while constructing the Kaaba. The
  pilgrims also walk seven times between two small
  hills near the Kaaba (and enclosed in the Grand
  Mosques complex). This is done in remembrance of
  the plight of Abrahams wife Hajar, who
  desperately searched in the area for water for
  herself and her son, before a spring welled up in
  the desert for her. The pilgrims also drink from
  this ancient spring, known as Zamzam, which still
  flows today.

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Circling the Kaaba in Mecca
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