The Romans overthrew Tarquin the Proud, their first Etruscan king, and set up what kind of governmen

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• The Romans overthrew Tarquin the Proud, their
  first Etruscan king, and set up what kind of
  government?

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• A republic

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• What is a republic?

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• A government where PEOPLE get to choose their
  leaders

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• The first Roman republic was divided into two
  social groups of people. What are the names of
  the two groups?

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• The Patricians and the Plebeians

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• What type of citizens made up the Patricians and
  what role did they play in the first Roman
  republic?

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• They were members of the oldest and richest
  families
• They were the only ones who could hold public
  office or perform religious rituals

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• What type of citizens made up the Plebeians and
  what was their role in the government?

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• They were the poorer citizens
• They paid taxes and served in the army
• They could not marry patricians or hold office
• If they fell into debt, they could be sold into
  slavery

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• Who and how many people made up the head of the
  Roman Republic and how often were they elected?

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• The Consuls
• There were two of them and were elected each year.

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• What special power did the Consuls have?

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• They could VETO

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• What is a VETO?

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• A vote that says NO even if everybody else votes
  otherwise
• Therefore, both Consuls would have to agree
  before any law could be passed

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• After the Consuls, what was the next most
  important part of the republic?

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• The Senate

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• How many people made up the Senate and what kind
  of things did the Senate do?

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• There were 300 senators who were chosen for life
• The senate handled the daily problems of
  government like proposing laws, approving the
  building of buildings and roads and discussing
  ways to deal with other countries
• The Senate advised the Consuls!

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• What role did the TRIBUNES have?

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• They were government official who protected the
  rights of the Plebians.
• Tribunes advised the Senate!

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• Romans built a strong army out of fear that the
  Etruscans might try to regain control of Rome.
• Instead, Rome was able to gain more territory.
• The Roman army was organized into groups of 5000
  soldiers. What were these groups called?

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• Legions
• (Soldiers that made up these legions were called
  Legionaires!)

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• Roman government did not write down their laws
  until 450BC.
• What were the bronze tablets that were the first
  recorded Roman laws called?

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• The Twelve Tables

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• Where would you find the Twelve Tables and what
  kind of laws were on them?

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• They were kept in the Forum and were laws
  concerning wills, property rights and court
  actions!
• These laws applied to Patricians AND Plebeians!

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• By 135BC, the roman republic was having serious
  problems.
• What were some of these problems?

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• Small farmers had lost their land to larger
  farmers and lost their economic and political
  independence
• Merchants became poorer because rich Romans could
  buy their goods elsewhere due to trading with
  other countries
• Artisans lost money because rich people started
  buying Syrian and Greek goods
• The Roman Government did nothing about this
  because they got rich under this system!!!

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• Several people tried to step up and solve some of
  these problems.
• What two groups of people tried to fix these
  problems in Rome?

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• REFORMERS and GENERALS

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• Who was the first Reformer?

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• Tiberius Gracchus

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• What did Tiberius Gracchus do?

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• He was a tribune who believed that making small
  farmers give up their land cuased most of Romes
  problems.
• He tried to limit the amount of land one could
  own and to divide up land and give it to the poor.

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• Tiberius Gracchus tried to run for a second term
  as a tribune which was against the rules.
• What was the result?

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• The senate staged a riot and killed Tiberius and
  several hundreds of his followers!

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• Tiberius younger brother, Gaius Gracchus, was
  elected tribune.
• What was HIS idea to solve Romes problems?

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• He wanted to move the poor from the city back to
  the country.
• He extended the reforms of his brother.
• He wanted the government to take over the sale of
  wheat and sell it to the poor at a cheaper price.
• (unfortunately, they ended up giving it away
  free!)

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• Gaius gained popularity and the senate felt
  threatened.
• What did they do to keep him from gaining too
  much power?

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• The Senate had him killed!

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• After the reformers came the generals.
• Who was the first general to try to make major
  changes in Roman society?

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• General Gaius Marius

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• General Marius was a military hero who was the
  son of a poor day laborer.
• What office was he the first lower-class Roman
  citizen to hold?

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• He was elected as a CONSUL even though he was
  from a poor background!

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• What ideas did General Marius have?

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• Marius knew that many of his soldiers were former
  farmers who had lost their farms to the
  government THUS they felt cheated by the
  government!
• Marius thought Rome needed a professional army.
  (meaning they would get paid well)
• He thought this would help give poor people a
  good job!

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• What was the result of General Marius ideas?

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• The army became more loyal to their GENERALS than
  to the government officials!

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• What caused General Marius death?

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• General Marius felt cheated that another General,
  General Sulla, was given a command that Marius
  wanted.
• Marius went to the senate to have Sullas command
  taken away and given to him.
• Sulla returned to Rome and took over the city.
• A civil war broke out and Sulla made himself the
  first DICTATOR OF ROME!

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• What is a DICTATOR?

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• A leader with absolute power!

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• When Romes first dictator, General Sulla,
  retired, a group of THREE leaders took over equal
  control of the empire.
• What is this ruling group of three people called?

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• A TRIUMVERATE

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• Who made up the FIRST TRIUMVERATE?

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• Licinius Crassus, Gnaeus Pompeius and JULIS
  CAESAR!!!

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• Caesar and Pompeius had different views on how
  Rome should be run.
• Who thought Rome should be a republic and who
  believed in one-man rule?

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• Pompeius believed in a REPUBLIC
• JULIUS CAESAR believed in one-man rule!

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• When Licinius Crassus, the other member of the
  triumverate died, leaving Caesar and Pompeius the
  only member of the Triumveraten left, they fought
  for control.
• Who won?

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• Julius Caesar won in 48BC after Pompey was
  murdered!

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• What was Caesars background like?

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• He was a well-educated politician who became a
  soldier
• He was backed by military strength and strong
  family alliances
• He was a very successful general and VERY popular
  having conquored modern day France, Belgium and
  England.

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• Julius Caesar was getting too powerful and the
  Senate ordered him to break up his legions and
  return to Rome from the battlefields.
• What was Caesars response?

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• He returned to Rome with his troops and declared
  himself DICTATOR of ROME!

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• What were some of the things that Caesar did for
  Rome?

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• He founded new colonies
• He gave land to soldiers
• He planned free Gladiatorial games
• He doubled the size of the Senate (although
  sanators had less power)
• He gave Roman citizenship to theGreeks, Spaniards
  and Gauls he had conquored
• He adopted an official calendar from the
  Egyptians called the Julian Calendar - which we
  use today!!!

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• Although Caesar did a lot for Rome, the Senators
  were afraid he would declare himself king.
• What was Caesars fate?

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• 60 senators attacked and stabbed Caesar to death
  as he entered the Senate on the Ides of March
  (March 15) - in the year 44 B.C.

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• What was the Roman peoples reaction to Caesars
  death?

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• They turned against those who killed Caesar and
  demanded a SECOND TRIUMVERATE!

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• Who were the three people elected to the SECOND
  TRIUMVERATE?

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• Marcus Anthonius (Mark Anthony) who was Caesars
  closest follower took control of the east
• Octavian, Caesars nephew and adopted son took
  charge of the west
• Marcus Lepidus, one of Caesars top officers,
  took rule over Africa
• All three shared equal rule over the homeland of
  Rome.

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• What was the fate of the SECOND TRIUMVERATE?

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• It worked for a while, then fights broke out
  amongst the three rulers.
• When the fighting ended, OCTAVIAN had become the
  sole ruler of the Roman Empire!

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