Abnormal psychology

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Abnormal psychology
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Psychological Disorder

• History

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HISTORY
Middle Ages
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Demons Escape
Abnormal Evil / Demons
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14th 16th Century

• In-human treatment in
• prisons

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1793 Philippe Pinel
France reform movement to remove Mentally
disturbed form criminal Institutions to separate
facilities where Specific treatment could be
developed And applied. Not much improvement in
conditions or in-human treatment.
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1894 Development of 1st Medical Treatment

• Freud Psychoanalysis, Talk Therapy
• Much experimentation ( trial error )
• Mostly Error
• Shock Treatment electric shock,
• hot / cold
  baths
• Use of cocaine experimental drugs , drug
  induced long term sleep (days), isolation,
  physical exercise to exhaustion, massage, art,
  music, being read to, farming, crafts, etc.

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Early Mental Institution
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Defining and Diagnosing Disorder

• Dilemmas of Definition
• Diagnosis Art or Science?

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Dilemmas of Definition

• Possible Models for Defining Disorders
• Mental disorder as a violation of cultural
  standards.
• Mental disorder as maladaptive or harmful
  behavior.
• Mental disorder as emotional distress.
• Mental Disorder Any behavior or emotional state
  that causes an individual great suffering or
  worry, is self-defeating or self-destructive, or
  is maladaptive and disrupts the persons
  relationships or the larger community.

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ABNORMALITY DEFINED
ATYPICAL - statistically unusual DISTURBING
violates social / cultural
norms MALADAPTIVE medical / illness
Harmful to self /
others UNJUSTIFIED - deviant, criminal
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Abnormality in Context
Distorted Behavior (
drinking 24 beers a day) Discomfort to self
others (physical abuse) Danger to self
others ( suicide / eating your
guests)
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College student Going to class nude
Homeless Man
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• Psychological Disorder
• a harmful dysfunction in which behavior is
  judged to be
• atypical--not enough in itself
• disturbing--varies with time and culture
• maladaptive--harmful
• unjustifiable--sometimes theres a good reason

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Historical Perspective

• Perceived Causes
• movements of sun or moon
• lunacy--full moon
• evil spirits
• Ancient Treatments
• exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned,
  castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with
  animals blood

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Psychological Disorders

• Medical Model
• concept that diseases have physical causes
• can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases,
  cured
• assumes that these mental illnesses can be
  diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and
  cured through therapy, which may include
  treatment in a psychiatric hospital

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Psychological Disorders

• Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective
• assumes that biological, sociocultural, and
  psychological factors combine and interact to
  produce psychological disorders

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Diagnostic Statistical Manualof Mental
Disorders DSM

• DSMI 1952- first diagnostic manual ever
  published. Mental disorders are
• reactions of personality to
• psycho-social biological factors.

• DSM II 1968- neurosis psychosis,
• psychiatric influence, medical
  model
• DSM III 1980- Multiple Classifications Axis
• DSM III-R 1983, Introduction of DID, PTSD,
• excluded homosexuality as
• sexual disorder

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Classifying Psychological Disorders

• Neurotic Disorder (term seldom used now)
• usually distressing but that allows one to think
  rationally and function socially
• Psychotic Disorder
• person loses contact with reality
• experiences irrational ideas and distorted
  perceptions

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Rates of Psychological Disorders
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• Module 46
• Anxiety Disorders

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• Anxiety Disorders
• distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive
  behaviors that reduce anxiety
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of
  autonomic nervous system arousal

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• Panic Disorder
• marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread
  in which a person experiences terror and
  accompanying chest pain, choking, or other
  frightening sensation

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• Phobia
• persistent, irrational fear of a specific object
  or situation
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or
  actions (compulsions)

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• Common and uncommon fears

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Anxiety Disorders
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• PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/
  Compulsive disorder
• High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe
  areas involved with directing attention

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• Dissociative and Personality Disorders

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Dissociative Disorders

• Dissociative Disorders
• conscious awareness becomes separated
  (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts,
  and feelings
• Dissociative Identity Disorder
• rare dissociative disorder in which a person
  exhibits two or more distinct and alternating
  personalities
• formerly called multiple personality disorder

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Personality Disorders

• Personality Disorders
• disorders characterized by inflexible and
  enduring behavior patterns that impair social
  functioning
• usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions

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Personality Disorders

• Antisocial Personality Disorder
• disorder in which the person (usually man)
  exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing,
  even toward friends and family members
• may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con
  artist

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Mood Disorders-Depression

• Boys who were later convicted of a crime showed
  relatively low arousal

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Personality Disorders

• PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a
  murderers frontal cortex

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Personality Disorders
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• Mood Disorders

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Mood Disorders

• Mood Disorders
• characterized by emotional extremes
• Major Depressive Disorder
• a mood disorder in which a person, for no
  apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of
  depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and
  diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

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Mood Disorders

• Manic Episode
• a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly
  optimistic state
• Bipolar Disorder
• a mood disorder in which the person alternates
  between the hopelessness and lethargy of
  depression and the overexcited state of mania
• formerly called manic-depressive disorder

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Mood Disorders-Depression
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Mood Disorders-Depression

• Canadian depression rates

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Mood Disorders- Suicide
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Mood Disorders-Bipolar

• PET scans show that brain energy consumption
  rises and falls with emotional switches

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Mood Disorders-Depression

• Altering any one component of the
  chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the
  others

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Schizophrenia
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Mood Disorders-Depression

• The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at
  any point

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• Schizophrenia

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Schizophrenia

• Schizophrenia
• literal translation split mind
• a group of severe disorders characterized by
• disorganized and delusional thinking
• disturbed perceptions
• inappropriate emotions and actions

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Schizophrenia

• Delusions
• false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur,
  that may accompany psychotic disorders
• Hallucinations
• sensory experiences without sensory stimulation

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Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia
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Classifying Psychological Disorders

• DSM-IV
• American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and
  Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth
  Edition)
• a widely used system for classifying
  psychological disorders
• presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR (text revision)