Biomolecules

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Biomolecules

• Monomers and Polymers
• Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
• Pgs. 51-61

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• Covalent Bonding
• The sharing of electrons.

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Typical covalent bonds

• Hydrogen one bond H-
• Oxygen two bonds -O- or O
• Nitrogen three bonds -N-
• Carbon four bonds -C-
• Carbon rings

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Ionic Bonding

• The transfer of one or more electrons from one
  atom to another.
• Usually carry a positive or
• negative charge.

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Molecules/Compounds

• 1. Atoms combine to form more complex structures
  called molecules or compounds.
• 2. A chemical formula stands for a compound.
• C6 H12 O6

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Organic Compounds

• Any member of a large class of chemical compounds
  whose molecules contain carbon and hydrogen.

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Inorganic Compounds

• Do not contain carbon
• from mineral sources of non-biological origin
• ExceptionCO2

SiO2
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Many organic compounds form polymers
monomer
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Polymer structure

• 1. Polymers are made up of subunits called
  monomers.
• 2. Each polymer has its own unique monomers
  (proteins are made of amino acids, nucleic acids
  are made of nucleotides, carbohydrates are made
  of sugars.).

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III. Types of Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Fats
• Nucleic acids

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All Macromolecules

• Are built by the process of Dehydration
  Synthesis.
• Taking a water molecule out.

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All Macromolecules

• Are broken apart by Hydrolysis.
• The adding of a water molecule.

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A. Carbohydrate structure

• 1. Made up of C, H, O
• 2. Different forms (mono-, di-, poly-)
• 3. Monomer Monosaccharides. (simple sugars)There
  are several types of monomers, including ribose,
  glucose, and fructose.

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• A. Disaccharides (C12 H22 O11)
• 1. Two monosaccharides joined together by
  dehydration synthesis form a disaccharide.
• 2. Dehydration synthesis -Removal of H2O

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• 4. Examples - Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

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C. Polysaccharides (carbohydrates)

• 1. Long chains of monosaccharides joined
  together.
• 2. Sometimes chains are branched.
• 3. Examples include cellulose (plant cell
  walls), starch.

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3. Carbohydrate Functions

• Energy storage
• Quick to retrieve
• Easy to breakdown
• Cellulose provides rigid support to plant cells

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B. Lipids

• 1. Made of C, H, O
• 2. Examples -fats, oils or waxes.
• 3. Monomer fatty acids (unbranched chains of
  carbon
• A. can be saturated, unsaturated, and
  polyunsaturated

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• 4. Examples
• Triglycerides
• Phospholipids (cell membrane)
• Steroids like cholesterol (no fatty acids!)

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• 5. They are all hydrophobic they repel water.

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Lipid Functions

• Hormones
• Long term energy storage
• Cell membranes

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C. Proteins

• 1. Made of C,H, O, N (S)
• 2. Examples - collagen, keratin, enzymes
• 3. Monomer of proteins are amino acids.
• A. 20 essential
• Large polymer chains

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Amino Acid Structures
Contain a carboxyl group and a amino acid group
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3. Protein structure

• a. Amino acids are joined together by
• dehydration synthesis.
• b. The bonds formed are called peptide
• bonds. C-N

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3. Protein functions

• a. Make up materials of the body skin, hair,
  blood
• b. Enzymes make chemical reactions happen
  faster biological catalysts

Helicase unzipping DNA
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D. Nucleic Acids
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

• 1. Made of C, H, O, N, P
• 2. Examples - DNA and RNA are important
  macromolecules because they carry genetic
  information.
• 2. Monomers nucleotides. (more to come!!!)

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Any Questions?