Oklahoma Master Gardeners

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Oklahoma Master Gardeners

• Basic Entomology
• for the Home and Landscape

Tom A. Royer Entomology and Plant Pathology
Oklahoma State University
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MG Questions and Answers

• How can I manage insect pests without
  insecticides?
• How do I stop ants from getting in my house?
• Do some plants repel mosquitoes?
• Why doesnt this insecticide work?

?
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Keys to Insect Management
Know your landscape

• Know your adversary

Know your tools for control
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Know Your Landscape

• Preemptive gardening, which includes selecting
  plant material, site identification, smart
  landscaping proper fertility, watering, and
  overall good horticultural practices is a good
  first step in keeping many problems from ever
  occurring.

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Know Your Landscape

• Some insects are commonly associated with certain
  plants

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Know Your Landscape

• Some of these close associations create a
  nuisance for the home or landscape

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Know Your Landscape

• Location of plant materials in the landscape can
  affect potential pest problems

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Know Your Adversary

• Why Study BUG Science?

• Proper ID
• Associate injury symptoms with pest
• Proper selection of control measure

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Know Your Adversary
Phylum Arthropoda (ahr thro pod a)

• The most abundant, diverse life form on the
  planet (3/4 of the known animal species).
• Our chief competitor for food, and are a major
  source of potential health problems and annoyance
• Most are NOT a problem for us.

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Know Your Adversary
Arthropods

• Skeleton on the outside of the body
• Distinct body segmentation
• Paired, jointed appendages
• Dorsal, tubular heart valves
• Double, ventral nerve chord
• Open circulatory system

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Know Your Adversary
Classes of Arthropods

• Malacostraca (crayfish, lobsters, sowbugs
  pillbugs
• Arachnidia (spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions)
• Chilopoda (centipedes)
• Diplopoda (millipedes)
• Insecta (true bugs, beetles, butterflies, wasps,
  fleas, grasshoppers silverfish, etc.)

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Know Your Adversary
Class Arachnidia (a-rach-nid-a)
Mite
Harvestman

• Two body regions
• No antennae, never winged
• 4 pairs of legs

Scorpion
Tick
Spider
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Know Your Adversary
Class Chilopoda (chi lo po da) Centipedes

• Two main body regions
• laterally flattened
• 30 to 340 legs (1 pairper body segment)
• one pair antennae
• predaceous, can be venomous

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Know Your Adversary
Class Diplopoda (dip lo po da) Millipedes

• two body regions
• body generally rounded
• one pair of antennae
• 80-400 legs (2 pair per apparent body segment)
• feed on decaying organic matter
• often coil when disturbed

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Know Your Adversary
Class Insecta (in sec ta)

• Beetles, wasps, butterflies, cicadas,
  grasshoppers, roaches

• Three body regions
• Three pair of legs
• One pair of antennae
• 0, 1 or 2 pair of wings

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Know Your Adversary
The insect body is made of a substance called
chitin It must be shed for the insect to grow
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Insect Growth

• Metamorphosis
• The series of changes that an insect passes in
  its growth from egg to adult. Growth is
  accomplished by shedding its exoskeleton through
  a process known as ecdyisis. Each molt allows
  the insect to get bigger and mature into an
  adult. It may reduce competition between young
  and adult for food, shelter (eat us out of house
  and home)

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Insect Growth

• Ametabolous Growth
• Increase in size,but no changes in
  characteristics of the insect

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Insect Growth

• Ametabolous Growth
• Protura (Proturans)
• Diplura (Diplurans)
• Thysanura (Silverfish)
• Colembola (Springtails)

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Insect Growth

• Simple (Gradual) Metamorphosis
• Three life stages (egg, nymph, adult)
• Change in size, and addition of adult structures,
  such as reproductive organs, wings.

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Insect Growth

• Gradual Metamorphosis

• Orthoptera (Grasshoppers Roaches, Walkingsticks,
  Mantids)
• Isoptera (Termites)
• Dermaptera (Earwigs)
• Psocoptera (Booklice)
• Zoraptera (Angelwings)

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Insect Growth

• Gradual Metamorphosis

• Thysanoptera (Thrips)
• Mallophaga (Chewing Lice)
• Anoplura (Lice)
• Hemiptera (True Bugs)
• Homoptera
• (Aphids, Scales, Leafhoppers, Plant Hoppers,
  Whiteflies)

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Insect Growth

• Simple (Incomplete) Metamorphosis
• Three life stages (egg, naiad, adult)
• Immature stage is aquatic

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Insect Growth

• Incomplete Metamorphosis
• Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
• Odonata (Dragonfly)
• Plecoptera (Stonefly)

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Insect Growth

• Complete Metamorphosis
• Four life stages (egg, larva, pupa, adult)

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Insect Growth

• Complete Metamorphosis
• Neuroptera (Lacewings)
• Coleoptera (Beetles)
• Mecoptera (Scorpionfly)
• Lepidoptera (Butterfly)
• Diptera (True Fly)
• Siphonaptera (Flea)
• Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, Wasps)

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Know Your Adversary

• Insects can be grouped into orders quite easily
  with a bit of practice. Key in on the following
• Wing type and number
• Mouthpart
• Type of development
• Other body structures (legs, antennae etc..)

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Insect Mouthparts
Chewing
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Insect Mouthparts
Chewing-lapping Sponging
Honeybee
House fly
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Insect Mouthparts
Piercing-sucking
Leafhopper
Stable Fly
Mosquito
Flea
Louse
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Insect Mouthparts
Siphoning Rasping
Butterfly
Thrips
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Insect Wings
Grasshopper
True bug
Thrips
Beetle
Wasp
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Other Body Parts

• Antennae

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Other Body Parts

• Legs

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Major Groups of Insects

• Coleoptera - Beetles

Complete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Hardened
wing covers on adults, antennae are various
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Major Groups of Insects

• Diptera - Flies, gnats, mosquitoes

Complete metamorphosis Mouthparts various 1 pair
of wings, membranous
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Major Groups of Insects

• Hemiptera - True bugs

Gradual metamorphosis Piercing-sucking
mouthparts 2 pair wings with outer ones half
membranous and half leathery
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Major Groups of Insects

• Hymenoptera - Ants, bees, wasps

Complete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Membrano
us wings
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Major Groups of Insects

• Lepidoptera - Butterflies, moths, skippers

Complete metamorphosis Siphoning mouthparts
(adult) chewing mouthparts (larva) 2 pair wings
with colored scales
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Major Groups of Insects

• Orthoptera - Grasshopper, cricket, praying mantis
  walkingstick, cockroach

Gradual metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Outer
wings leathery, inner ones membranous
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Major Groups of Insects

• Neuroptera - Lacewings, antlions, snakeflies
  mantispids, dobsonfly alderfly

Complete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts
(adults) piercing mouthparts (larva) Wings
clear, or colored Most are predaceous
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Major Groups of Insects

• Homoptera - Aphids, scales, whiteflies,
  leafhoppers cicadas

Gradual metamorphosis Piercing/sucking
mouthparts 2 pair clear wings, some wingless Some
reproduce without male
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Major Groups of Insects

• Thysanoptera - thrips

Gradual metamorphosis Rasping/sucking
mouthparts 2 pair of wings feathery
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Know Your Enemy

• Why Study This Stuff?

• Proper ID
• Associate injury symptoms with pest
• Proper selection of control measure

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Relate Damage to Insect

• Chewing Damage

Internal
External
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Relate Damage to Insect

• Damage from Piercing-Sucking Feeders

Discoloration
Wilting
Distorted Growth
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Relate Damage to Insect

• Rasping Damage

Flower
Leaf
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Know Your IPM Tools for Control

• Cultural Control
• Biological Control
• Monitoring Tools
• Chemical Control

• Variety selection
• Sanitation
• Placing plants in proper shading in landscape
• Water management
• Pre-inspection of plants before purchase

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Know IPM Your Tools for Control

• Cultural Control
• Biological Control
• Monitoring Tools
• Chemical Control

• Insect predators
• Insect Parasitoids
• Nematodes
• Insect diseases

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Biological Control Predators and Parasitoids
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Biological Control Predators
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Biological Control Parasitoids
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Biological Control Nematodes
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Biological Control Diseases
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Know IPM Your Tools for Control

• Cultural Control
• Biological Control
• Monitoring Tools
• Chemical Control

• Pheromone traps
• Light traps
• Sticky tape

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Know IPM Your Tools for Control

• Cultural Control
• Biological Control
• Monitoring Tools
• Chemical Control

• Broad Spectrum Insecticides
• Insect Growth Regulators
• Systemic insecticides
• Botanical Insecticides
• Insecticidal soaps
• Dormant oils

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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Order Homoptera
• Gradual metamorphosis
• Piercing-sucking
• DS nymph, adult
• OW as eggs, adults.
• Host all kinds of plants, shrubs and trees, they
  can transmit virus diseases, make galls

Aphids
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Can cause yellowing, stunting, wilting
• Controls
• Natural enemies
• Stream of water
• Soaps
• Oils
• Insecticides (Azadiractin, pymetrozine)

Aphids
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Order Lepidoptera
• Complete metamorphosis
• Chewing
• DS larva
• OW as eggs in female bags
• Host cedar, juniper, arborvitae (and 125 other
  plants)

Bagworm
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Can cause long-lasting damage to evergreens
• Controls
• Hand picking bags
• They are susceptible to natural enemies
• Bt sprays, timed with emergence from bag

Bagworm
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Order Lepidoptera
• Complete metamorphosis
• Chewing
• DS larva
• OW as eggs, hatch as leaves emerge (March)
• Host Crabapple, hawthorn, plum

Eastern Tent Caterpillar
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Can defoliate, keep leaves from emerging
• Controls
• Prune/destroy egg masses
• Monitor egg hatch at bud break, look for silken
  tents, or caterpillars
• Insecticides (Bt, spinosad insecticidal soap)

Forest Tent Caterpillar
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Order Coleoptera
• Complete metamorphosis
• Chewing
• DS Adult, larva
• OW larvae
• Host elm, transmit Dutch elm disease

Smaller European Elm BarkBeetle
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Life cycle completed in 30-45 days. Adults
  emerge in spring, begin flying in April.
• First generation begins flying in June. Adults
  feed on tree crotches of 2-4 year old limbs, can
  transmit Dutch Elm disease.
• Second begins flying in August, most go into
  diapause.
• Some continue to develop into a partial third
  generation.
• Second and third generations do not usually
  transmit disease

Smaller European Elm BarkBeetle
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Galleries run with grain
• Diseased foliage wilts, turns yellow, then brown,
  then dies.
• Eradicant pruning (early detection)
• Siberian elm
• Chemical Injections (trained arborist only)

Smaller European Elm BarkBeetle
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Ornamental Insect Management

• Smaller European elm bark beetle
• Dutch Elm Resistant American Elm Clones
• New Harmony, Valley Forge are commercially
  available, released by US National Arboretum.
• American Liberty developed by Elm Research
  Institute in New Hampshire. Available through
  them _at_ http//www.libertyelm.com
• or 1-800 FOR ELMS.
• Not available to retail nurseries only to
  individuals and non-profit nurseries.

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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Order Acraridinia
• Larva, nymph, adult
• Sucking
• DS larva, adult
• OW eggs, adults
• Tetranychid, Eriophyid
• Host many, some free ranging, others specific

Mites
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Some cool season, others warm season.
• Monitor with white paper, dislodge with stream of
  water
• Miticides, may have to make two applications
  unless it is an ovicide/miticide.

Mites
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Order Coleoptera
• Complete metamorphosis
• Chewing
• DS larva, adult
• OW as adult, 2-3 generations/year
• Host Siberian, American, other elms

Elm Leaf beetle
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Adults cause shotholes, larva skeletonize leaves
• Ulmus parvifolia is somewhat resistant
• Chemical azadirachtin, Bt var. tenebrionis,
  spinosad.

Elm Leaf beetle
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Order Homoptera
• Gradual metamorphosis
• Piercing-sucking
• DS nymph, adult
• OW as eggs, nymphs, females
• Lay eggs at different times during year.
• Host Many plants

Scales
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Shade Tree Insect Management

• Scales (Order Homoptera)
• Soft (Family Coccidae)
• Armored (Family Diaspidae)
• Related to aphids
• Produce a waxy covering for protection
• Are often immobile on plant

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Shade Tree Insect Management

• Soft Scales (Brown Elm)
• Female is brown with smooth, hemispherical shape
  1/8 to 1/4 inch in diameter.
• Eggs laid beneath body of the female in late
  April.
• Eggs hatch, crawlers emerge, migrate to leaves
  and small limbs.
• Move back from leaves before they drop, OW as
  second instar nymphs.
• Adult males find females and mate, but do not
  feed.
• One generation per year.

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Shade Tree Insect Management

• Soft Scales (Brown Elm)
• Found on many trees, including ash, mulberry,
  plum, pecan, maple and especially American elm.
• Can kill small branches, stunt tree growth,
  weaken tree, making it susceptible to attack by
  disease and borers.
• Produces honeydew, can damage cars that are
  parked under heavily infested tree.

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Shade Tree Insect Management

• Armored Scale (Euonymous)
• Attacks many species of Euonymous, occasional
  pest of camellia, ivy, hibiscus, holly and
  others.
• Yellowish, or whitish spots on leaves. Females
  are usually found along the stem and leaf veins.
• May cause premature leaf drop. Can kill plant if
  not controlled.

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Shade Tree Insect Management

• They have numerous natural enemies
• Chemical dormant oils, summer oils, Insect
  growth regulators (pyroproxifen)

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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Order Lepidoptera
• Complete metamorphosis
• Chewing
• DS larva
• 2 generations, 2 races
• Host Pecan, persimmon, walnut, crabapple and
  others (84 other species

Fall webworm
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Unsightly, but not permanently damaging, because
  damage occurs primarily in fall.
• Prune
• Chemical (Bt, spinosad diflubenzuron)

Fall webworm
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Order Homoptera
• Gradual metamorphosis
• Piercing-sucking
• DS nymph, adult
• Feed on new growth
• Host many plants (ficus,philodendron coleus),
  more of a problem in interiorscapes

Mealybug
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Need to watch for this introduced species
  (Florida) not controllable with insecticide.
• Mealybugs generally are controllable with alcohol
  spray, horticultural oil, or insecticidal soap.

Pink Hibiscus Mealybug
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Order Hemiptera
• Gradual metamorphosis
• Piercing-sucking
• DS nymph, adult
• OW eggs, adults
• Host many trees, sycamore, hawthorn, honey
  locust, azalea, elm, oak, others.

Lace bug
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Nymphs feed on new leaves, causing yellowing,
  browning of leaves. Plant just looks sick.
• Control with (azadirachtin, horticultural oil,
  insecticidal soap)

Lace bug
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Order Coleoptera, Lepidoptera
• Complete metamorphosis
• Chewing
• DS larva
• OW as larvae
• Host many trees

Borers
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Roundheaded borers
• Have 1-several year lifecycle, depending on
  species. Pine sawyers have 2-2 ½ generations per
  year.
• Adults emerge in spring or fall, lay eggs in bark
  crevices or feeding notches that the adult
  creates.
• Some produce sawdust that is a sign of borer
  damage. Holes are irregular in spacing on the
  tree.
• Some species are attracted to cut wood, others to
  living trees, but they are often more attracted
  to weakened, stressed trees.

Borers
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Flatheaded borers
• Buprestidae. Adults shiny, often metallic or
  brightly colored, wedge-shaped beetle. Also
  called metallic wood borers.
• Antennae are not as long as body. Can measure
  from 1/3 to nearly 1 inch long.
• Larva creamy white to yellow, with a prominent
  swollen, flattened area just behind the
  mouthparts.

Borers
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Clearwing borers
• Adult moths are wasp-like, clear wings, may have
  orange markings on body. Active during the
  daytime.
• Larvae 1 inch, creamy white with shiny brown
  head.

Borers
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)
Keep trees healthy
Well timed residual insecticide spray
Borers
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Order Hemiptera
• Gradual metamorphosis
• Piercing-sucking
• OW as adults
• Host Boxelder, maple chinaberry, soapberry
  Golden raintree.
• Mainly a nuisance

Boxelder bug Redshouldered bug
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Most Wanted(Ornamental Insect Pests)

• Seek shelter in undergrowth beneath trees
• Avoid planting host trees
• Plant male boxelder tree
• Spray infested trees during summer (immature
  stages)
• Caulk, spray congregating bugs with high
  phosphate detergents
• Vacuum

Boxelder bug Redshouldered bug
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Most Wanted(Household Insect Pests)

• Order Hymenoptera
• Complete metamorphosis
• OW in colony
• Many species are pest/nuisance
• Social insects, controls must keep that in mind

Ants
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Most Wanted(Household Insect Pests)

• Carpenter ants dont eat wood, just carve out for
  nest
• Trim trees that are contacting house.
• Inspect thoroughly, especially areas that can
  retain moisture
• Chemical controls are numerous, but require
  locating main nest as well

Carpenter Ants
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Most Wanted(Household Insect Pests)

• Order Hymenoptera
• Complete metamorphosis
• DS Adult worker swarms
• OW as females in hive
• Tend to swarm when they build up enough numbers
• Africanized bees are the hot topic, now have been
  found in Oklahoma.

Honey bees
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Most Wanted(Household Insect Pests)

• Africanized have been found in Oklahoma,
• If you encounter a suspected AHB colony or swarm
  in counties other than listed on the map
• Call Doug Dear 405-205-2699
• or Don Molnar 580-614-1035
• to get a sample to send to OSU for DNA testing.

Africanized Honey bees
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Most Wanted(Household Insect Pests)

• Class Arachnidia
• Piercing chelicera
• OW eggs, adults
• Venomous

Spiders
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Most Wanted(Household Insect Pests)

• Common in OK
• Bite can cause severe problems, but some people
  react differently than others.
• Clean up CLUTTER!
• Glue boards, residual insecticides.

Spiders
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Most Wanted(Household Insect Pests)

• Common
• Like quiet, dark hidden areas
• Control with sanitation, exclusion of dwelling.
• Dusts are better because they cling to web.

Spiders
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Most Wanted(Household Insect Pests)

• Order Hymenoptera
• Complete metamorphosis
• DS Adult
• OW as females in old nests
• Drill into wood, laying eggs.

Carpenter Bee
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Most Wanted(Household Insect Pests)

• Paint, stain, shellac, varnish can reduce
  infestations.
• Dust or spray nest entrances, keep open for
  several days, then plug with a dowel.
• Chemical many, apply at night when they are not
  active.

Carpenter Bee
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Most Wanted(Household Insect Pests)

• Order Diptera
• Complete metamorphosis
• Piercing-sucking
• OW adult, egg
• DS Adult
• Feed on blood, transmit disease, including W Nile
  virus.

Mosquitos
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Most Wanted(Household Insect Pests)

• Personal protection (deet, or another repellent)
• Remove any containers that can hold standing
  water for long periods of time
• Chemical mosquito dunks (Bt israelensis)for
  temporary flood waters.

Mosquitos
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Most Wanted(Household Insect Pests)

• Order Isoptera
• Gradual metamorphosis
• Chewing
• DS nymphs, adults
• Feed on wood, have internal flagellated protozoa
  that help them digest wood

Termites
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Most Wanted(Household Insect Pests)

• Very damaging to structures, even living trees.
• USE PROFESSIONAL PEST CONTROL SPECIALIST
• Baiting stations, fipronyl.

Termites
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Most Wanted(Household Insect Pests)

• Class Arachnidia
• Piercing-sucking
• egg, larva, nymph adult.
• DS all, depending on species
• Transmit disease, etc

Ticks
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Most Wanted(Household Insect Pests)

• American dog tick, Lone star tick, black legged
  tick.
• These are 3-host ticks ie they use a different
  host for each molt.

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Most Wanted(Household Insect Pests)

• Lyme disease Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, tick
  typhus, ehrlichiosis and babesiosis.
• Personal protection, including tight fitting
  clothes, repellents.
• Mow grass, limit pet access to tick areas.
  Chemicals many.

Tick
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Most Wanted(Household Insect Pests)

• Order Hymenoptera
• Complete metamorphosis
• Chewing
• DS Adult
• OW female
• Build huge nests, can cause serious health
  problems.

Wasps and Hornets
Oklahoma State University
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Most Wanted(Household Insect Pests)

• German yellowjacket does not make ground nests,
  will build nests in wall voids etc. They can
  cause problems to homeowners.
• Easterns are not nearly as indiscriminating.

Wasps and Hornets
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Most Wanted(Vegetable Insect Pests)

• Order Coleoptera
• Complete metamorphosis
• Chewing
• DS Adult/Larva
• OW Adult in soil
• Host potato, tomato, eggplant others.

Colorado potato beetle
Oklahoma State University
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Most Wanted(Vegetable Insect Pests)

• Hand picking in small areas
• They have some natural enemies such as predatory
  stink bugs.
• Chemical (Bt tenebrionis, spinosad, imidacloprid)

Colorado potato beetle
Oklahoma State University
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Most Wanted(Vegetable Insect Pests)

• Order Coleoptera
• Complete
• Chewing
• DS Adult/Larva
• OW Unmated adults
• Host cucumbers, other cucurbits.

Spotted cucumber beetle
Oklahoma State University
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Most Wanted(Vegetable Insect Pests)

• Adults kill seedling plants if numbers are large
  enough. Larvae feed on roots, fruits in contact
  with ground
• Transmits bacterial wilt of curcurbits.
• Row covers, delayed planting help.
• Chemical (apply early and maybe, often)

Striped cucumber beetle
Oklahoma State University
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Most Wanted(Vegetable Insect Pests)

• Order Lepidoptera
• Complete metamorphosis
• Chewing
• DS Larva
• OW pupa
• Host tomato, eggplant, pepper.

Hornworm
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Most Wanted(Vegetable Insect Pests)

• Adult is hawk moth, or sphinx moth. Many
  species, most are not pests.

Hornworm
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Most Wanted(Vegetable Insect Pests)

• Look for feeding signs
• Frass solid larval excrement aka INSECT POOP!

Hornworm
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Most Wanted(Vegetable Insect Pests)

• Hornworms are susceptible to natural enemies.
• Hand picking
• Fishing
• Chemical (Bt, spinosad)

Hornworm
Oklahoma State University
116
Most Wanted(Vegetable Insect Pests)

• Order Lepidoptera
• Complete metamorphosis
• Chewing
• DS Larva
• OW pupa in cocoon
• Host cabbage, lettuce, spinach, beet, potato,
  tomato
• 3-4 generations. Numbers tend to build as season
  progresses.

Cabbage looper
Oklahoma State University
117
Most Wanted(Vegetable Insect Pests)

• Feed on lower leaves, often underneath them.
• Cabbage can tolerate feeding until cupping stage
• LOTS of natural enemies
• Chemical control (Bt, spinosad)

Cabbage looper
Oklahoma State University
118
Most Wanted(Vegetable Insect Pests)

• Order Hemiptera
• Gradual metamorphosis
• Sucking
• DS Adult/nymph
• OW unmated adults
• All cucurbits, especially squash, pumpkin.

Squash bug
Oklahoma State University
119
Most Wanted(Vegetable Insect Pests)

• Overwintering adults mate, and move into
  preferred food plants.
• Colonize crops in spring, build up as crop is
  planted later.
• Feeding adults and nymphs insect toxic saliva
  that causes brown, dead vines.

Squash bug
Oklahoma State University
120
Most Wanted(Vegetable Insect Pests)

• Look for egg laying activity, one method of
  control is to squash the squash bug eggs.
• Put out plywood boards around infested area, bugs
  will spend night underneath board.
• Chemical controls need to be targeted to nymphs
  (the younger the better)

Squash bug
Oklahoma State University
121
Master Gardener Diplomacy (Insect Management)

• Before making recommendations
• Find out WHY your client gardens
• Create an atmosphere of enjoyment and learning
• Ask lots of questions about the situation
  (DETAILS)
• Try not to treat insect management as a CHORE
  but as a necessary challenge.

Oklahoma State University