REC Powerpoint template

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Local Renewables Freiburg 2007The Bioenergy
Chain Energy for Buildings, Districts and
VehiclesGabor Heves
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The Regional Environmental Center for Central and
Eastern Europe (REC)

• Head Office in Hungary, offices in 17 countries
• 190 staff (some 30 nationalities)
• Over 3500 projects since 1990
• Environmental information
• Environmental policy
• Environmental law
• NGO support
• Climate change
• Capacity building
• Public participation
• Sectoral integration
• Environmental education
• The REC hosts the REEEP Secretariat for
  Central and Eastern Europe and Turkey.

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Overview

• What is bioenergy?
• How is it produced?
• How is it used?
• Key issues

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What is bioenergy?

• Energy from any organic material
• From plants
• From animals
• From organic waste
• Can be solid, liquid, gas

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Food plants

• Wheat
• Corn
• Rape-seed
• Sugarbeet
• Sunflower
• Potato
• And many more!

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Energy plants

• Energy grass
• 15 t/ha dry mass
• Energy reed
• 13 t/ha dry mass
• Energy forest
• 8-20 t/ha/year dry mass

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Wood

• 80 of organic heat from burning wood
• From traditional forest cultivation
• 40 main product
• 38 fire wood
• 22 woodchips

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Type of wood production

• Traditional forest cultivation
• 10-15 t/ha/year
• Accelerated forest cultivation
• 8-15 t/ha/year
• Clear-cut after 8-15 years
• Short rotation coppice (SRC)
• E.g. willow, poplar, robinia
• 8-20 t/ha/year
• Cutting every 2-5 years

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Forms of bioenergy

• Burning as it is
• Burning in compressed form
• Converting to oil (biodiesel)
• Converting to alcohol (bio-ethanol)
• Converting to gas (biogas methane)

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Burning directly

• Highest energy gain (no conversion loss)
• Simple, anything can be burnt
• Huge potential for district heating!
• 10 distctict heating in Europe, 4.7 annual
  growth
• Co-generation integration of other renewables
  (geothermal, solar)

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Burning in compressed form

• Bale
• E.g. from hay, straw, crops, grass
• Briquets
• E.g. from woodchips, seeds
• Pellets
• E.g. from sawmill dust

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Ethanol

• Wheat
• Corn ? 4500 l/ha alcohol
• Sugarbeet (sugarcane)
• Potato
• Manufactured by bacterial fermentation
• Can be mixed to regular petrol
• Energy loss in conversion

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Biodiesel

• Rape-seed (700 kg/ha oil)
• Sunflower (740 kg/ha oil)
• Soya (850 kg/ha oil)
• Manufactured by simple pressing
• Used oil ? e.g. from restaurants
• Can be mixed to regular diesel

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Gasification

• By bacteria from any organic material ? from
  waste!
• 25-50 CO2, 50-75 CH4,(natural gas methane)
  and 0-10 other (N2, H2S, H2,,O2)
• 1 kg dry material ? 230-400 liter gas
• Useful side products/effects
• Kills germs
• Produces manure
• Heating, co-generation, feed-in to gas network

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Units in ktoe (1000 ton oil equivalent). 2005.
Source 2006 Biogas Barometer EurObserveER
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Local conditions determine use

• Should we
• burn?
• liquify?
• gasify?
• a combination of these?
• Local conditions ? type of cultivation
• Food production vs. energy production
• AND?
• OR?

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Consider

• Every conversion energy loss
• Priority food stationary application fuel
• Can be stored complements fluctuating
  renewables
• Best used locally

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Advantages of energy plantations

• Soil maintenance
• E.g. fertility, erosion
• Uptake of liquid organic waste
• E.g. sewage sludge or liquid manure
• Multiple-use cultivation possible
• E.g. food energy, furniture wood fire wood
• Employment and rural development
• Off-season work
• E.g. winter wood cutting/harvesting

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Risks with energy plantations

• Competition with food production
• Industrialised, chemical-intensive cultivation
• Landscape deterioration, monocultures
• Alien species (e.g. acacia), biological
  degradation
• Soil/groundwater degradation
• Genetically-modified plants
• Bioenergy import from developing countries ?
  forest cutting, loss of natural habitat

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Huge potentials

• 200x technical potential
• Use of marginal lands
• Agricultural overproduction
• Vast resource of organic waste

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Thank you for the attention!Gábor
Hevesgheves_at_rec.org(36-26) 504-045Tamás
Janicsektjanicsek_at_rec.org(36-30)
2313-772www.rec.org
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