NewtonGalileo

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Sir Isaac Newton and Galileo
By Kristen Newtrom, Kristy Rodriguez, Trevor
Lowe.
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Table of Contents

• Title
• Table of Contents
• Sir Isaac Newton.
• More Newton
• Galileo
• More Galileo
• What Galileo had to do with Isaac Newton
• Laws
• Bibliography
• The End

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Sir Isaac Newton

• Sir Isaac Newton was born January 4,1642, in
  Lincolnshire, England.
• Two months before his birth his father died.
• His mother remarried when he was only three years
  old and he went to live with he grand parents.
• He was not interested in the family farm, so he
  was sent to Cambridge University to study, and
  thats where got interested in Galileo's
  discovery.
• Sir Isaac Newton was a mathematician and
  physicist, one of the foremost scientific
  intellects of all time .
• He died on March 31,1727, Newton never married
  and had few close friends in a relatively long
  life. (He died at age 84)

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More Isaac Newton

• Isaac Newton thought the world worked like a
  machine and that a few simple laws governed it.
  Like Galileo, he realized that mathematics was
  the way to explain and prove those laws. Isaac
  Newton was one of the worlds great scientists
  because he took his ideas, and the ideas of
  earlier scientists, and combined them into a
  unified picture of how the universe works.
• Isaac Newton explained the formulated laws
  of motion, and gravitation. These laws are math
  formulas that explain how objects move when a
  force acts on them. Isaac published his most
  famous book, in 1687 called Principia, while he
  was a mathematics professor at Trinity College,
  Cambridge. Principia, explained the three laws
  that govern the way objects move. The three laws
  are often called Newton's laws. He then described
  his idea, or theory, about gravity. Gravity is
  the force that causes things to fall down.

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Galileo

• Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15
  1564, and was the first of six children. He was
  born the day Michelangelo died.
• At the age of 8, his family moved to Florence,
  but he was left with Jacopo Borghini for two
  years.
• He then was educated in the Camaldolese
  Monastery at Vallombrosa, 35 km southeast of
  Florence. Although he seriously considered the
  priesthood as a young man, he enrolled for a
  medical degree at the University of Pisa at his
  father's urging. He did not complete this degree,
  but instead studied mathematics. In 1589, he was
  appointed to the chair of mathematics in Pisa. In
  1591 his father died and he was entrusted with
  the care of his younger brother Michelangelo.
• Galileo fathered three children out of wedlock
  with Marina Gamba. They had two daughters,
  Virginia in 1600 and Livia in 1601, and one son,
  Vincenzo, in 1606.
• Galileo lived for seventy seven years and died on
  January 8, 1642.

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More Galileo

• At age twenty, Galileo noticed a lamp swinging
  overhead while he was in a cathedral. Curious to
  find out how long it took the lamp to swing back
  and forth, he used his pulse to time large and
  small swings. Galileo discovered something that
  no one else had ever realized the period of each
  swing was exactly the same. The law of the
  pendulum, which would eventually be used to
  regulate clocks, made Galileo instantly famous.

• . At age eleven, Galileo was sent off to study in
  a Jesuit monastery.
• After four years, Galileo had announced to his
  father that he wanted to be a monk. Galileo was
  hastily with drawn from the monastery. In 1581,
  at the age of 17, he entered the University of
  Pisa to study medicine, as his father wished.
• Except for mathematics, Galileo was bored with
  Pisa university. Galileo's family was informed
  that their son was in danger of flunking out. A
  compromise was worked out, where Galileo would be
  tutored full-time in mathematics by the
  mathematician of the Tuscan court.

• It seemed as Galileo was going to finish college
  and get his education , how ever Galileo left
  the university before he got his degree.
• He then started tutoring students in mathematics.
  He did some experiments with floating objects,
  developing a balance.

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What Galileo had to do with Isaac Newton
Aristotle believed that objects descended because
that area was the most suitable area for that
object to fall). Later Galileo disagreed with
Aristotles theory and believed that all objects
descended at the same speed. No matter how much
an object weighed it accelerated at the same
speed and the only thing that made objects differ
was the air resistance. Galileos work could once
again be improved by experimentation. His
observations of the apple enabled Newton to make
generalizations about the laws of motion. The
three laws of universal motion explained the
characteristics of any force on an object.
Galileo influenced Newton by leaving theories on
the differences between darkness and light, the
center of the universe, and the motions of
gravity. Though not all of Newtons work was
focused on Galileos unfinished theories, many of
Newtons works were finishing Galileos
unfinished theories. Galileo and Newton remain
some of the worlds greatest scientists. They
both improved on the ideas which their
predecessors had believed in before. Galileo and
Newtons theories continue to be used today.
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laws

• An object at rest will remain at rest unless
  acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in
  motion continues in motion with the same speed
  and in the same direction unless acted upon by an
  unbalanced force. This law is often
• called "the law of inertia".

2. Acceleration is produced when a force acts on
a mass. The greater the mass (of the object being
accelerated) the greater the amount of force
needed (to accelerate the object).
3. For every action there is an equal and
opposite re-action.
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Laws in our own words

• Objects need a unbalanced force to move a
  nonmoving object because objects resist change in
  motion.
• The more mass the object has the more force
  required to move it.
• When there is two objects colliding there is an
  equal force and a opposite force.

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Application for each law

• When I'm jumping on the trampolines the gravity
  will bring us back down.
• My car broke down and I'm trying to get back to
  the house and need more force to push it than I
  have.
• The rockets thrust pushed it off the ground
  because the ground put and equal force.

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First law activity
Book work

• Discuss with the students the material in the
  Science Concept section and Teacher Text. Make
  sure that the students have a limited
  understanding of Newton's First Law of Motion.
  The students can do this experiment on their own
  after you demonstrate to them what to do. Place a
  book on a sheet of paper. Then jerk the paper
  suddenly. (The book doesn't move). The
  explanation of why the book doesn't move is under
  the Overview section.
• Have the students break up into teams of two and
  repeat the experiment on their own.
• After each student has had an opportunity to do
  the experiment, have a discussion together as a
  class as to what has occurred.
• Ask the middle grade students to write a short
  paragraph on what has happened and how Newton's
  First Law of Motion is a play in this experiment

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Second law activity
Roly-poly

• Go over with the children the material under the
  Teachers Text in a general manner according to
  their ability level. Then begin the experiment
  First spread a thin layer of baby powder over the
  surface of the cookie sheet.
• Place the cookie sheet on the floor.
• Raise one end of the cookie sheet and rest it on
  the rim of the coffee can.
• Secure the cookie sheet to the can with tape.
• Put the water and 10 drops of food coloring in
  the cup. Stir.
• Fill the eyedropper with colored water.
• Practice squeezing drops of colored water back
  into the cup until you can easily squeeze one
  drop at a time.
• Sitting next to the raised end of the powdered
  cookie sheet, hold the eyedropper just above, but
  not touching, the raised end of the cookie sheet.
  
• Squeeze out 1 drop of colored water and watch it
  roll down the powdered cookie sheet. It will
  become covered with powder and form a round
  rolling object that we'll call a roly-poly.
• Squeeze out another drop of colored water and
  watch it roll down the cookie sheet. If it
  follows the path of the first roly-poly, they
  will either stack on top of each other at the
  bottom of the cookie sheet or collide and join to
  form a single, larger roly-poly.
• Repeat the experiment twice, asking a helper to
  raise the end of the cookie sheet, first to a
  height of about 9 inches above the floor, and
  then to a height of about 12 inches.
• Discuss as a class what has happened and how
  Newton's Second Law of Motion.

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third law activity
Roll away

• Discuss with the students the material under
  Science Concept and Teacher Text in this section.
  Make sure that each child has at least some
  understanding of how Newton's Third Law of Motion
  works before doing the experiment. (In this way
  the children will have a greater awareness of
  what is taking place when they actually do the
  experiment with the skates and basketball.)
  Proceed outside and talk about safety first in
  doing the experiment. Make sure that the students
  understand that they will not push anyone on
  skates, etc.
• Pair the students up and explain what they will
  be doing during the experiment. (Each student
  will have their own turn). The student will roll
  backward with their roller skates. Then, the
  student will toss a basketball hard. The ball
  goes one way, and as you push the ball away, you
  move away in the opposite direction.
• After the students have finished taking a turn
  with the basketball while on their skates, return
  to the classroom and discuss what they have
  experienced.
• Ask the older students to write a short paper on
  what they experienced and how Newton's Third Law
  of Motion was at work during their experiment.

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bibliography

• http//inventors.about.com/od/gstartinventors/a/Ga
  lileo_Galilei.htm (information on Newton)
• http//www.uni.edu/schneidj/webquests/spring04/mad
  scientists/isaacnewton.html (sir Isaac Newton's
  picture)
• http//teachertech.rice.edu/Participants/louviere/
  Newton/law3.html (laws)
• http//inventors.about.com/od/gstartinventors/a/Ga
  lileo_Galilei.htm (Galileo's life)
• www.sikeston.k12.mo.us/gwilliams/newtonwebquest.ht
  ml

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The end!
By KristenNewstrom, Kristy Rodriguez,
Trevor lowe.