Chapter 1 Food Choices And Human Health

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Chapter 1Food Choices And Human Health
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Chapter 1

• After completing this chapter, the student should
  be able to
• Describe the roles of nutrients in the body.
• Discuss the ways that nutrition affects health.
• List several personal life choices that affect
  health.
• List the most vital nutrient, the 3
  energy-yielding nutrients, and the 2 helper
  nutrients.
• Describe ways that food conveys emotional
  satisfaction and hormonal stimuli.
• List and define the 5 characteristics of a
  healthy diet.
• Explain the expression of cultural traditions
  and social values through food choices.
• Describe the Dietary Guidelines.
• List 4 nutrition-related health objectives.
• Describe the research process

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A Lifetime Of Nourishment

• How Powerful is a Nutritious Diet in Preventing
  Disease?
• The nutrients in food support growth,
  maintenance, and repair of the body.
• Deficiencies, excesses, and imbalances bring on
  the diseases of malnutrition.
• Genetics and Individuality
• Choice of diet influences long-term health,
  within the ranges set by genetic inheritance.
• Nutrition has no influence on some diseases but
  is closely linked to others.
• Lifestyle Choices
• Personal life choices, such as use of tobacco or
  alcohol or staying physically active, also
  affect health for the better or worse.

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The Human Body And Its Food

• The Nutrients in Foods
• Food supplies energy and nutrients.
• The most vital nutrient is water.
• The energy-yielding nutrients are carbohydrates,
  fats and protein.
• The helper nutrients are vitamins and minerals.
• Food energy is measured in calories, food and
  nutrient quantities are often measured in grams.

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• Can I Forgo Food and Live Just on Supplements?
• In addition to nutrients, food conveys emotional
  satisfaction and hormonal stimuli that contribute
  to health.

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The Challenge Of Choosing Foods

• The Variety of Foods to Choose From
• Foods come in a bewildering variety in the
  arketplace, but the foods that form the basis of
  a nutritious diet are ordinary milk and milk
  products meats, fish and poultry vegetables and
  dried peas and beans fruits and grains.
• How Exactly Can I Recognize a Nutritious Diet?
• A well-planned diet is adequate in nutrients, is
  balanced with regard to food types, offer food
  energy that matches energy expended in activity,
  is moderate in unwanted constituents, and offers
  variety.
• Foods of high nutrient density form the
  foundation of such a diet.

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• Why People Choose Foods
• Cultural traditions and social values revolve
  around food.
• Some values are expressed through foodways.

• Dietary Guidelines And Nutrition Objectives
• The U.S. Department of Health and Human
  Services sets health objectives for the nation.
  
• Government agencies also monitor the nutrition
  status of the population

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The Science Of Nutrition

• If the Scientists Dont Know, How Can I?
• Scientists uncover nutrition facts by
  experimenting.
• Scientific Challenge
• Single studies must be replicated before their
  findings can be considered valid.
• Can I Trust the Media to Deliver Nutrition News?
• New nutrition news is not always to be believed,
  established nutrition news has stood up to the
  test of time.

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• New nutrition news is not always to be believed,
  established nutrition news has stood up to the
  test of time.
• Consumer Corner Reading Nutrition News With An
  Educated Eye
• Food Feature How Can I Get Enough Nutrients
  without Consuming Too Many Calories?
• Do It! Analyze Nutrition News

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Chapter 2Nutrition Toolsstandards And
Guidelines
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• Chapter Summary
• The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) set
  amounts of energy and selected nutrients
  considered adequate to meet the nutrient needs
  for most healthy people. Dietary Guidelines apply
  principles of good eating and offer practical
  advice about healthy eating. A tool for diet
  planning is the Daily Food Guide. This plan sorts
  foods into five major food groups based on
  nutrient content and origin. The exchange lists
  categorize foods by their nutrient and energy
  contents.

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Nutrient Recommendations

• Nutrient recommendations are currently undergoing
  change in the United States and Canada. The
  Dietary Reference Intakes are replacing
  traditional recommendations in both countries.
  The Daily Values are U.S. standards used on
  labels.

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Goals of the DRI Committee

• The DRI provide nutrient intake goals for
  individuals, take into account new research on
  disease prevention, provide a set of standards
  for researchers and makers of public policy, and
  establish tolerable upper limits for nutrients
  that can be toxic in excess.

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Understanding the DRI Recommended Intakes for
Individuals

• The DRI used in the U.S. and Canada represent
  suggested daily intakes of energy and selected
  nutrients for healthy people in the population.
  The DRI are composed of the RDA, AI, UL and EAR
  lists of values. The Daily Values are nutrient
  intake standards used on food labels.
• How the Committee Establishes DRI ValuesAn RDA
  Example
• The DRI are based on scientific data and are
  designed to cover the needs of virtually all
  healthy people in the U.S. and Canada.
• Daily Values
• The Daily Values are standards used on food
  labels to enable consumers to compare the
  nutrient values among foods.
• Other Nutrient Standards
• Many nations and groups issue recommendations for
  nutrient and energy intakes appropriate for
  specific groups of people

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• Diet Planning With The Daily Food Guide And The
  Food Guide Pyramid
• The Daily Food Guide
• The Daily Food Guide and other food group plans
  sort foods into groups based on their nutrients
  and origins. Then the plans suggest patterns of
  intake by group that will cover nutrient needs
• How Can the Food Guide Pyramid Help Me to Eat
  Well?
• The Daily Food Guide and its visual image, the
  Food Guide Pyramid, convey the basics of planning
  a diet adequate in nutrients. The Food Guide
  Pyramid fails to show how to use nutrient-dense
  foods to form the bulk of food selections from
  each group.

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• A Note about Exchange Systems
• Exchange lists facilitate calorie control by
  providing an understanding of how much
  carbohydrate, fat, and protein are in each food
  group.
• How Many Servings Do I Need Each Day?
• The Daily Food Guide specifies how many servings
  of foods from each group people need to consume
  to meet their nutrient requirements
• Serving Sizes versus Helpings
• A person wishing to avoid overconsuming calories
  must pay attention to serving sizes.

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• Chapter 3
• The Remarkable Body

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• Chapter Summary
• The gastrointestinal tract is a flexible muscular
  tube that prepares nutrients for absorption.
  Details of the gastrointestinal system are
  regulated by the endocrine and nervous systems.
  A healthy digestive tract will help to promote
  proper functioning of the system. Balance,
  variety, moderation and adequacy of the diet
  promote optimal utilization of foods consumed.
  This chapter also discusses common digestive
  problems and strategies for dealing with them

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• The Bodys Cells
• The bodys cells need energy, oxygen, and
  nutrients, including water, to remain healthy and
  do their work. Genes direct the making of each
  cells machinery, including enzymes. Specialized
  cells are grouped together to form tissues and
  organs organs work together in body systems
• The Body Fluids And The Cardiovascular System
• Blood and lymph deliver nutrients to all the
  bodys cells and carry waste materials away from
  them. Blood also delivers oxygen to cells. The
  ardiovascular system ensures that these fluids
  circulate properly among all organs.

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• The Hormonal And Nervous Systems
• What Do Hormones Have to Do with Nutrition?
• Glands secret hormones that act as messengers to
  help regulate body processes.
• How Does The Nervous System Interact With
  Nutrition?
• The nervous system joins the hormonal system to
  regulate body processes through communication
  among all the organs. Together, the hormonal and
  nervous systems respond to the need for food,
  govern the act of eating, regulate digestion, and
  call for the stress response
• The Immune System
• The immune system enables the body to resist
  disease

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• The Digestive System
• Why Do People Like Sugar, Fat and Salt?
• The preference for sweet, salty, and fatty tastes
  seems to be inborn and can lead to
  overconsumption of foods that offer them.
• The Digestive Tract
• The digestive tract is a flexible, muscular tube
  that digests food and absorbs its nutrients and
  some nonnutrients.
• The Mechanical Aspect of Digestion
• The digestive tract moves food through its
  various processing chambers by mechanical means.
  The mechanical actions include chewing, mixing by
  the stomach, adding fluid, and moving the tracts
  contents by peristalsis. After digestion and
  absorption, wastes are excreted

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• The Chemical Aspect of Digestion
• Chemical digestion begins in the mouth, where
  food is mixed with an enzyme in saliva that acts
  of carbohydrates.
• Digestion continues in the stomach, where stomach
  enzymes and acid break down protein.
• Digestion then continues in the small intestine
  there the liver and gallbladder contribute bile
  that emulsifies fat, and the pancreas and small
  intestine donate enzymes that continue digestion
  so that absorption can occur.

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• If I Am What I Eat, Then How Does a Sandwich
  Become Me?
• The mechanical and chemical actions of the
  digestive tract break foods down to nutrients,
  and large nutrients to their smaller building
  blocks, with remarkable efficiency.
• Absorption and Transportation of Nutrients
• The digestive system feeds the rest of the body
  and is itself sensitive to malnutrition. The
  folds and villi of the small intestine enlarge
  its surface area to facilitate nutrient
  absorption through uncountable cells to the blood
  and lymph. These transport systems then deliver
  the nutrients to all the body cells

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• A Letter From Your Digestive Tract
• The digestive tract has many ways to communicate
  its needs. By taking the time to listen, you will
  obtain a complete understanding of the mechanics
  of the digestive tract and its signals
• The Excretory System
• The kidneys adjust the bloods composition in
  response to the bodys needs, disposing of
  everyday wastes and helping remove toxins.
  Nutrients, including water, and exercise help
  keep the kidneys healthy.
• Storage Systems
• When I Eat More Than My Body Needs, What Happens
  to the Extra Nutrients?
• The bodys energy stores are of two principal
  kinds fat in fat cells (in potentially large
  quantities) and glycogen in muscle and liver
  cells (in smaller quantities). Other tissues
  store other nutrients.

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• Variations in Nutrient Stores
• Some nutrients are stored in larger quantities
  than others.