ee adt

1
?e???????e? ??ad??t???

• Semantic web
• Ontologies
• ????? ???st?p?????

2
Semantic Web S?µas????????? ?st??
3
?st???a t?? s?µas????????? ?st??

• ?? Web efe??????e ap? t?? Tim Berners-Lee,
  f?s???? p?? d???e?e st? CERN
• ?? ??aµa t?? Tim Berners-Lee ??a t? Web ?ta?
• ... a goal of the Web was that, if the
  interaction between person and hypertext could be
  so intuitive that the machine-readable
  information space gave an accurate representation
  of the state of people's thoughts, interactions,
  and work patterns, then machine analysis could
  become a very powerful management tool, seeing
  patterns in our work and facilitating our working
  together through the typical problems which beset
  the management of large organizations.
• G?a ?a ???p???se? t? ??aµ? t?? ?d?se t?? ???sµ?
  t?? S?µas????????? ?st?? (Semantic Web)

4
???sµ?? t?? Semantic Web

• The Semantic Web is not a separate Web but an
  extension of the current one, in which
  information is given well-defined meaning, better
  enabling computers and people to work in
  cooperation.
• Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler, Ora Lassila, The
  Semantic Web, Scientific American, May 2001

5
?? pa??? t?? Semantic Web

• ?? Semantic Web e??a? µ?a ??a µ??f? t?? Web
  content t?? ?p???? ? s?µas?a e??a? ?ata???t?
  st??? ?p?????st??
• Ta ?d???se? se µ?a epa??stas? ???? te?????????
  ?a? d??at?t?t?? ??a t??? ?p?????st??
• ? ???p???s? a?t?? t?? ???µat?? e??a? p??? d?s????
  p??? t? pa???
• ? a??? ???eta? p??s??t??ta? s?µas????????
  s????asµ? (semantic annotation) st?? p???? web
  content

6
?fa?µ???? st?? s?µas???????? ?st?

• S?µas???????? a?a??t?s? se µ??a??? a?a??t?s??
• ???es? t?? d??µ??????? p????? st?? ????da
• ???s? agents ??a e??es? p????f?????
• ???es? t?? e-shop µe t? ft???te?? t?µ? ??a ??a
  s???e???µ??? p?????
• S?µas???????? portals

7
? pa???sµ??? ?st?? s?µe?a

• S????? ap? ?st?se??de? ?a? d?as??d?se??
• ???a? ??a? t??p?? a?apa??stas?? t?? p????f???a?
• ? a?apa??stas? ?a? ? s?ed?asµ?? ???eta? ap? t???
  developers
• ?? ???ste? p??pe? ?a e?µ??e???? t?? p????f???a
• ?? ?p?????st?? e??a? ?pe?????? µ??? ??a t??
  pa???s?as?
• ?? ?p?????st?? de? µp????? ?a epe?e??ast??? t??
  p????f???a
• ?? ???µa t?? p????f???a? e??a? d?a??s?µ? µ??? se
  a?t??? p?? ????????? ?a?? a??????

8
?? e??a? ad??at? (?) st?? pa???sµ?? ?st? s?µe?a

• ????p???a e??t?µata p?? apa?t??? background
  knowledge
• p?. e??es? ???? p?? ???s?µ?p????? sonar e?t??
  ap? t?? ???te??de? ?a? ta de?f???a
• ???es? p????f???a? se data repositories
• ?a??d??t???? p????f???e?
• ??µ?? ap? p?????ta ?a? ?p??es?e?
• ?p?te??sµata ap? pe???µata sta a????p??a ????d?a
• ???es? ?a? ???s? web services
• ????es? p???p????? e??as??? se web agents
• ???t?s? pa??t?? d?a??p? se µ???? µe s???e???µ??e?
  apa?t?se?? p?. ???? ?e?µ???as?a, ???assa, a??????
  ???ssa

9
???? e??a? t? p??ß??µa?

• Se µ?a t?p??? web page
• H Markup p????f???a ap?te?e?ta? ap?
• p????f???e? pa???s?as?? p?. µ??e???
  ??aµµat?se???? ?a? ???µa
• d?as??d?se?? se s?et??? pe??e??µe??
• ?? s?µas???????? pe??e??µe?? e??a? p??sß?s?µ?
  st??? ???ste?, a??? ??? e????a st??? ?p?????st??
• ?pa?te?ta? t??????st?? ?ata???s? t?? f?s????
  ???ssa?

10
??s? p??s???? s?µas????????? markup

• ???s???? s????asµ?? st?? web pages
• ? s?µas??????a d??eta? ???s?µ?p????ta? ??t?????e?
  
• ?? ??t?????e? pa?????? t? ?e??????? t?? ???? p??
  ???s?µ?p?????ta? st? s????asµ?
• ???? ???? µp????? ?a s??µat?st??? ap? t?
  s??d?asµ? ?p?????t??
• ? s?µas??????a (t? ???µa) a?t?? t?? ???? e??a?
  t?p??? ???sµ???
• ??a ßas??? apa?t?s? e??a? ? ?pa??? µ?a? standard
  web ontology language

11
?? µ?st??? e??a? ta µetaded?µ??a

• ?????? saf? t?? p????f???a p?? e??a? a???st?
• making explicit the implicit
• ????t??? t?? p????f???a ??a a?a??t?s?,
  epe?e??as?a ?a? e??p???s?
• ?etaded?µ??a pe????af??
• ?ed?µ??a p?? pe?????f??? t? pe??e??µe?? ?a? t?
  s?µas?a t?? p????
• ???? ???? p??pe? ?a µ????e t?? ?d?a ???ssa
• ??t?????e?
• ??aµ???a??µe?a ?a? ????? ?e??????a
• G?a µ??a??? e??es?? ?a? p???t??e?
• ??aµ???a??µe?? ?a? ????? ?ata???s? e??? ped???
  e?d?af????t??
• ?pa?a?t?te? ??a a?ta??a?? ?a? a?a??t?s?
• S?µpe?asµat?????a
• ??a???? ?a???????a? ???s?? ?a? µetaded?µ???? ap?
  t?? ?p?????sa ???s?

12
S?µas????????? ?st???a? ??t?????e?

• ?? ??t?????e? p??sf????? µ?a e??????????? ?e???a
  e??? ped??? e?d?af????t?? ?????ta? t?? ???s?
  epa?a???s?µ?p???s?µ? ?a? d?aµ???a??µe??
• ?a ??a d?ad??t?a?? p??t?pa ?????? ?ata???t? t?
  s?µas??????a t?? p????f???a? ap? t??? ?p?????st??
• ??at?µµ???a µ??a??? e?a????? s?µpe?asµ?t??
  pa?????? a?t?µat? ep?te??? e??as??? ????ta?
  p??sßas? st? p????f???a
• ??a p???pt??? st?? p??sßas? ?a? epe?e??as?a t??
  p????f???a?
• ??µ??????a ???? p??ß??µ?t?? ???? t?? µa?????
  d?µ??????a? ??t???????

13
???ß??µata se s??s? µe t?? ??t?????e?

• ? ?e???????t? d?µ??????a ??t??????? e??a?
  dapa???? ?a? ?????ß??a
• ???es? t??p?? ?µ?-a?t?µat?? d?µ??????a?
  ??t??????? µe t? ???s? te?????? NLP, information
  extraction, and machine intelligence
• ??s???? ? pe????af? pe??e??µ????
• ?pa?t???ta? t??p?? a?t?µat?? pe????af??
  pe??e??µ????
• ???e??? µ??a??? e?a????? s?µpe?asµ?t??
• ?e? ?p???e? µ?a standard web ontology language

14
?a ß?µata ??a t?? ???p???s? t?? semantic web

• ??????? (evolution)
• ?p?peda (layers)
• S?µas???????? d?as??des? (semantic linking)
• ?e??e??µe?? (content)

15
???????

• ? s?µas???????? p????f???a p?? e??a? s?s?et?sµ???
  µe p???? st? d?ad??t?? (?? µetaded?µ??a)
• ?a e?µ??e?te? ?a? ?a s??d?aste? ap? t?? µ??a??? ?
  pa?a???? ???????
• ??a p?atf??µa ??a µ??a??? e??es?? ?a? ???p????
  p???t??e?
• ??????? t?? s?µe????? d?ad??t??? ?ts? ?ste ?
  p????f???a ?a µp??e? ?a epe?e??aste? ap?
  a????p??? ?a? µ??a???
• ? s?µas????????? ?st?? de? a?t??a??st? t?
  s?µe???? pa???sµ?? ?st?. ?? d?ad??t?? ??e? ?d?
  d?se?at?µµ???a se??de?.
• ???pe? ??e? ?a e??a? s?µas??????????
• ? s?µas????????? ?st?? ???eta? d?p?a st? s?µe????
  pa???sµ?? ?st?

16
??? ß??s??µaste s?µe?a?

• ?a???????ta? ?? ???sse? p?? ?a p?a?s??s??? t?
  s?µas???????? ?st?
• ?a?????eta? ?a? a?apt?sseta? ? a???te?t????? ?a?
  ta e??a?e?a p?? ?a ???s?µ?p??????? st?
  s?µas???????? ?st?
• ?p?µe?? ß?µa ? a??pt??? t???
• ???s? t?? e??a?e??? ?a? t?? ???ss?? ??a ?a
  s?????s??? t? ????? st?? d??f??e? efa?µ????

17
?p?peda
??µaste ed?
OWL DAMLOIL SHOE
18
??? ?a ???e? ? s????asµ???

• ?e???????ta
• ?a?e?? de? ?a s?????se? s?µas???????? t?? se??de?
  p?? ??e? ?d? a?apt??e?, e?t?? ap?
• ?s??? as??????ta? µe ???e ??a te???????a
• ??? eta??e?e?
• ??t?µat? pe????af?
• ?pa?t???ta? te?????? epe?e??as?a? f?s???? ???ssa?
  (natural language processing)
• ?????e?, ????, Video?
• G??ss??????? a????s?

19
G??ss??????? a????s?

• ??t??????? µ???s? ap? ?e?µe?? (ontology learning
  from text)
• G??ss???????/s?µas???????? a????s? t?? ?e?µ????
  µe s??p? t?? e?a???? ???se??
• ?ata??af? ???s?? ap? ?e?µe?? (knowledge markup of
  text)
• G??ss???????/s?µas???????? a????s? t?? ?e?µ????
  µe s??p? t?? e?a???? st??µ??t?p??

??t??????? µ???s? ??a ???se??
?e?µe??
??t?????a
?ata??af? ???s?? ??a st??µ??t?pa
20
G??ss??????? a????s? ?a??de??µa

• ? ?p?????st?? µe t?? ep?ped? ????? p??pe? ?a
  ap????f?e? ??at? ??e? ß??ß? st? µ?t???? ???ta

?p?ped? ?????
?p?????st??
??e?-µ?a
?p??????
??e?-µ?a
?????µe??-??t?t?ta
??t????
???ß?
??p??es?a?-t??
21
?p?peda ???ss???????? a????s??

• ?e???? a????s?
• ???se?? ???e??
• ?????s? p??t?se??
• ? d?µ? t?? p??t?se??
• ?????s? s?µas??????a?
• ?? ???µa t?? p??t?se??

22
?? µ?????

• ? pa???sµ??? ?st?? ?a ?p???e? ?p?? s?µe?a
• ?e? ?a ?p???e? ??a? s?µas????????? ?st?? a???
  p????? e?d???? s?µas????????? ?st??
• ???µa??t?? te???????e? ?a? d?a?e???s?

23
?? efa?µ????

• Trust and meaning
• Security
• Knowledge representation and reasoning
• User interfaces
• Languages and infrastructure
• Visualisation and modelling
• Metadata (inc. generation and authoring)
• Web mining

• Agents Multimedia data
• Database technologies Natural language
• Digital libraries
• Ontologies
• e- business
• Searching and querying
• e- science and the Grid
• Services and service description
• Integration, mediation and storage
• Natural Language Processing
• Software Engineering

24
Ontologies ??t?????e?
25
?? e??a? ???s?

• ??a s????? ap? ded?µ??a µe s?µas????????
  pe??e??µe??
• ! ?? ??t?????e? ???s?µ?p?????ta? ??a t??
  a?apa??stas? ???s??

26
???sµ?? t?? ??t?????a?

• St? f???s?f?a
• ? ep?st?µ? t?? ?pa???? (???st?t????)
• St?? ep?st?µ? ?a? st?? te???t? ???µ?s???
• ?p?te?e?ta? ap? t?? ??t?? p??d?a??af?? t??
  a?t?????? ??a t?? ??sµ? (Gruber)
• an explicit specification of conceptualisation
• H t?p??? p??d?a??af? µ?a? ?????? a?t?????? ??a
  t?? ??sµ? (Borst)
• a formal specification of a shared
  conceptualisation

27
?a ßas??? st???e?a µ?a? ??t?????a?

• ?????e? (? ???se??)
• ?,t?d?p?te ??a t? ?p??? µp??e? ?a e?p??e? ??t?
• S??se??
• ??apa??st??? t?? a????ep?d??se?? µeta?? t??
  e?????? t?? ped??? ???sµ??
• S??a?t?se??
• ??d???? pe??pt?se?? t?? s??se??
• ????µata
• ?e?????f??? p??t?se?? ?? ?p??e? e??a? p??ta
  a???e??
• St??µ??t?pa
• ??apa??st????? s???e???µ??a st???e?a

28
??a ??t?????a

• ?a?????e?
• ??a ????? ?e???????
• ??a ????? ?ata???s?
• ??asfa???e? t?? ep????????a µeta?? agents
• ???a? µetaded?µ??a p?? a?apa??st??? saf?? t?
  s?µas??????a t?? ded?µ???? µe t??p? ?ata???t? ap?
  t??? ?p?????st??
• ???a? µ?a s?????? p????f?????
• ??a a??e?? p?? ?a?????e? t?? s??se?? µeta?? t??
  e??????

29
G?at? ??e?a??µaste t?? ??t?????e??

• ????s? t?? ??f?a??? p????f???a?
• ??s????te?? ? p??sßas?, ? e??es? ?a? ? s????? t??
  p????f???a?
• ?? µe???? ?e?? µeta?? t?? s?µas?a? t??
  p????f???a? ?a? t?? ?ata????µ???? p????f???a?
• ??s???? ? e??p???s? t?? p????f???a?
• ??s???? ? d?aµ???as? ?a? d?a?e???s? t?? ???s??
• ?e? µ????? ???? ?? ?????p?? t?? ?d?a ???ssa

30
??t?????e? ?a? ß?se?? ded?µ????

• ??a ß?s? ded?µ???? e??a? ??a s????? ap? p??a?e?
  ?a? ?a? ?? µeta?? t??? s??se??
• ??a ??t?????a pe????e? s??ta?t??? ?a?
  s?µas???????? p???s??te?? p????f???a ap? t??
  ß?se?? ded?µ????
• ? p????f???a p?? pe?????feta? ap? µ?a ??t?????a
  pe????e? ?µ?-d?µ?µ??? ?e?µe?? se f?s??? ???ssa
  ?a? ??? p????f???a e??? s?es?a??? p??a?a
• ??a ??t?????a p??pe? ?a e??a? d??t?a???
  a???te?t?????? ??at? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??a t?
  d?aµ???asµ? t?? p????f???a?.

31
??ad??as?a a??pt???? µ?a? ??t?????a?

• ???es? t?? s??p?? t?? ??t?????a?
• S??????
• ??? e?????? t?? ??t?????a?
• ??? s??se?? µeta?? t?? e??????
• ??? ???? µe t??? ?p????? ?a a?af????ta? ??
  ?????e? ?a? ?? s??se??
• ???sµ?? d??f???? a???µ?t??
• ??sa???? st??µ??t?p??
• ??d???p???s? t?? ??t?????a? se µ?a s???e???µ???
  ???ssa
• ????????s?
• ?e?µ????s?

32
?a??de??µa
Property HasParent domain, range
Animal Subproperty HasFather, domain Animal
range Male
33
?fa?µ???? ??t??????? 1/2

• S?st?µata d?a?e???s?? ???s??
• ???te??p???s? ???s??
• ?et?f?as? p????f???a?
• ??e?t?????? eµp????
• ????t?s? ???s?? ?a? p????f???a?
• ??aµes??aß?t?? ßas?sµ???? st?? ??t?????e?
• ?pe?e??as?a f?s???? ???ssa?
• ?ata???s? f?s???? ???ss??
• ?et?f?as? µeta?? f?s???? ???ss??
• S?µas????????? ?st?? ?a? ?p??es?e?
• ???s???? s?µas??????a? st?? ?st?se??de?
• ?????f???a ??a t? s?µas??????a t?? ?p??es??? t??
  pa???sµ??? ?st??

34
?fa?µ???? ??t??????? 2/2

• WWW applications (Semantic Web)
• E-commerce
• Multiagent systems
• Multimedia
• Telecommunications

• Knowledge engineering
• Natural language processing
• Information integration
• Information retrieval
• Digital libraries

35
G??sse? a?apa??stas?? ??t???????

• ?a?ad?s?a??? ???sse?
• ?at?????µat??? ?????? p??t?? t????
• ?????? p?a?s???
• ?e????af??? ??????
• ?a?ade??µata Carin, Flogic, Loom, OCML,
  Ontolingua
• Web-based ???sse?
• ? s??ta?? t??? ßas??eta? st?? XML
• G??sse? p?? a?apt?????a? ??a ?a a?apa?ast?s???
  s???e???µ??e? ??t?????e? ?a? ?a ???s?µ?p???????
  se s???e???µ??e? efa?µ????
• ?a?ade??µata CycL, GRAIL, NKRL

36
??? d?af????? ?? ???sse? ??t????????

• S??ta??
• ???????a
• Class-concept
• Instance-object
• Slot-property
• ??f?ast???t?ta
• ??t? p?? µp????µe ?a e?f??s??µe se µ?a ???ssa de?
  µp????µe se µ?a ????
• S?µas??????a
• ? ?d?a d???s? µp??e? ?a s?µa??e? d?af??et???
  p???µata se d?af??et???? ???sse?

37
Web-based ???sse? 1/2

• Simple HTML ontology extensions (SHOE)
• Ontology exchange language (XOL)
• Ontology markup language (OML and KML)
• Resource description Framework schema language
  (RDFS)
• DARPA agent markup language (DAML)
• Ontology interchange language (OIL)
• Ontology Web Language (OWL)

38
Web-based ???sse? 2/2
39
XML

• ?aµ???? ep?p?d?? µ??t??? ded?µ????
• ?e? µp??e? ?a ???s?µ?p????e? ??a d?µ??????a
  ??t??????? e?e?d??e?µ???? ped??? ? ??t????????
  ?e???????? ?a? de? µp??e? ?a ???s?µ?p???se?
  ßas???? ??t???????? a???? µ??te??p???s??
• ?e? e??a? ?at?????? ??a d?aµ???a??µe?e? p????
  st?? pa???sµ?? ?st?
• ?e d?a??te? µ??a?? s?µpe?asµat?????a?

40
RDF

• ????????ta? ??a t?? a?apa??stas? µetaded?µ????
• S?st??eta? ap? t? W3C
• ??p?p???µ??? µ??t??? ded?µ????
• ??p?p???µ??? XMLs s??ta?t??? (namespaces)
• ?p?????? parsers and Apis
• ???e? ??a t?? d?µ??????a e?tetaµ???? ?e????????

41
?e?????sµ?? t?? RDF

• ???? ad??aµ? s?µas???????? a?apa??stas?
• ?e? pe?????fe? ?a?? t? ???µa t?? p????f???a?
• ?e? d?a??te? µ??a?? s?µpe?asµat?????a?

42
DAMLOIL

• ??µ?????????e ap? t?? US Defense Advanced
  Research project agency (DARPA) se s??e??as?a µe
  t?? EU committee on agent markup languages
• ????? d?µ???????e? p????? ??t?????e? µe t??
  DAMLOIL ?a? e??a? d?a??s?µe? se ?????
• ?as??eta? st?? RDF Schema
• ???????? t?? OWL (standard web ontology language)

43
??d? e??a?e??? ??t???????

• Ontology Development Tools
• Ontology Editors and browsers
• Ontology graphical edition
• Ontology Translators
• Ontology library management
• Ontology merge and alignment tools
• Ontology based annotation tools
• Ontology querying tools and inference engines
• Ontology learning tools
• Ontology documentation
• Ontology population
• Ontology evaluation
• Ontology Evolution

44
(No Transcript)
45
???a?e?a d?µ??????a? ??t??????? 1/2

• KAON from AIFB and FZI at the University of
  Karlsruhe http//kaon.semanticweb.org/
• OilEd from University of Manchester
  http//oiled.man.ac.uk/
• Ontolingua from KSL (Stanford University)
  http//www-ksl.stanford.edu
• OntoSaurus from ISI (USA) http//www.isi.edu/isd/o
  ntosaurus.html
• OntoEdit from Karlsrhue Univ. http//ontoserver.ai
  fb.unikarlsruhe.de/ontoedit/

46
???a?e?a d?µ??????a? ??t??????? 2/2

• Protégé 2000 from SMI (Stanford University)
  http//protege.stanford.edu /
• WebOnto from KMI (Open University)
  http//kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/webonto/
• WebODE from UPM http//webode.dia.fi.upm.es/webODE
  /

47
Semantic Web Services S?µas????????? ?p??es?e?
d?ad??t???
48
Web services 1/2

• ??????µµata ?a? s?s?e??? p?? e??a? p??sß?s?µe?
  st?? pa???sµ?? ?st?
• ?????? e??as?e? p?? µp??e? ?a e??a? ap? p???
  ap??? a?a??t?se?? µ???? p???p???e?
  ep??e???µat???? ?e?t?????e?
• Ta µetat?????? t?? pa???sµ?? ?st? ap? µ?a s??????
  p????f????? se ??a ?ata?eµ?µ??? d??t?? ?p??es???
• ?pa?t??? s?µas???????? a????s? t?? p????f???a?

49
Web services 2/2

• UDDI ?p??es?a ?ata????? ?p?? ?????ta? e???af??
  ?a? a?a??t?se?? web services
• WSDL ???ssa pe????af?? t?? web services
• SOAP p??t?????? ep????????a? ??a t?? p??sßas? se
  µ?a web service

50
? ???s?µ?t?ta t?? s?µas??????a? ??a t?? web
services

• ?? ?p??es?e? t?? ?st?? ?a ep?fe?????? ap? t??
  ???s? t?? s?µas??????a?
• H DAML e??e s?ed?aste? ?a pa???e? ??t?????e? ?a?
  pe????af??? ?????? ??a ?p??es?e? ??a t?? e??s??s?
  t?? d?a?e?t???????t?ta?
• ? s?µas????????? ?st?? pa???e? e?tetaµ???
  s?µas???????? p?a?s?? ??a t?? pe????af? ?a? t??
  pa???s?as? s?µas????????? pe??e??µ????
• ?? pa???e?
• ??a?e?t???????t?ta
• ??t?µat? s???es? ?p??es???
• ???sßas? st? ???s? t?? d?ad??t???

51
DAML-S Darpa Agent Markup Language for Services

• ??a upper ??t?????a ??a t?? pe????af? t??
  ?d??t?t?? ?a? t?? ??a??t?t?? t?? agents ?a? t??
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