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OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module participants will be
able to identify the principles of social
security and social protection and to establish
the relationship between the main features of a
model of social protection and the overall
characteristics of their countries' existing
schemes, in relation to international labour
standards.
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OBJECTIVES
UNIT 1SOCIAL PROTECTION A HUMAN RIGHT
Characterize the state of development of their
countries' social security systems outline the
major difficulties in their countries' social
security schemes and suggest actions for the
improvement of existing schemes.
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OBJECTIVES
UNIT 2 A MODEL OF SOCIAL PROTECTION
Given a case-study, analyze the structure of the
social security system in a developing country.
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OBJECTIVES
UNIT 3 INTERNATIONAL LABOR STANDARDS
Check the social security Conventions ratified by
their countries identify the gap between the
basic requirements set down by the Conventions
and the benefits provided in their countries'
social security schemes.
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UNIT 1 SOCIAL PROTECTION A HUMAN RIGHT
General overview. Definitions, benefits and
methods.
ACTIVITY
Main characteristics of your social security
system
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UNIT 2 A MODEL OF SOCIAL PROTECTION
Objectives and resources of a social protection
system. Typology of social protection
systems. Main features of social security schemes
ACTIVITY
The structure of a social protection system.
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UNIT 3 INTERNATIONAL LABOR STANDARDS
Scope of the ILO. The approach of the
Conventions. Methods of protection under the
Conventions.
ACTIVITY
Social security Conventions.
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EVOLUTION OF SYSTEMS
ROLE OF THE STATE
SYSTEM
BASIS
FINANCING
Provide little support
Social Insurance in the 1900s
Individual records of employment
Self-financing
Individual contributions Employers contributions
State contribution
Social Security schemes after the second World War
All occupational groups Employed Unemployed
Full or partial responsibility
Set benefits in relation to needs rather than
acquired rights
Universal Social Protection a basic human right
All citizens regardless of contribution or
employment
General revenues (tax)
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CONVENTION No. 102
Long-term permanent disability
Temporary disability
Maternity
Sickness
Unemployment benefits
Survivors
Medical care
Employment injury benefits
Old-age
Survivors
Short-term benefits
Pensions
Invalidity
Family allowances
Long-term benefits
Social Security
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METHODS OF SOCIAL PROTECTION PROVISION
NATIONAL PROVIDENT FUND
SOCIAL INSURANCE
SOCIAL ASSISTANCE
EMPLOYERLIABILITY
UNIVERSAL
Financed directly by employer
Financed by contributions
Financed by contributions
Financed from taxation
Financed from taxation
Individual employer provision
Pooling of risks and finances
Individual accounts
Redistributive
Redistributive
Benefits prescribed in law
Contributions prescribed in law
Flat-rate benefits
Discretionary benefits
Based on contribution history from employment
Based on employment
Based on residence
Based on need
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OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
Provision of basic universally available services
Availability of income maintenance benefits
Objectives
Creation of an environment for development of
additional voluntary retirement income and access
to private health services
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RESOURCES NEEDED
Direct transfers frompublic budgets fundedby
the tax system
Contributions from employers andemployees
Objectives
Income derived fromsaving accumulated over a
working life
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MULTI-TIERED SYSTEM
Financed by
Provide
Flat-rate benefits and basic health services
Annual basis from taxation
A universal tier
An employment- related social security tier
A range of income maintenance benefits and health
care services
Employers and employees' contributions
Supplementary employment-related schemes on
voluntary or compulsory basis Individual savings
A complementary tier
Additional cash benefits and health care services
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THE STRUCTURE OF A NATIONALSOCIAL PROTECTION
SYSTEM
NATIONAL SOCIAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
Universal schemes
Social assistance
Social insurance
Private schemes
Family benefits
Social care
Occupational pensions
Pensions
Health care
Incomesupport
Short-term benefits
Private health insurance
Health insurance
Others
Others
Others
Others
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MAIN FEATURES OF SOCIAL SECURITY PROGRAMMES I
COVERAGE
Size of the modern sector determines
coverage "Problem groups" can include
self-employed subject to compulsory
protection casual workers migrants
workers domestic workers informal sector
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THE STRUCTURE OF A NATIONALSOCIAL PROTECTION
SYSTEM
ADMINISTRATION
No standard, pattern or single model
Purpose
Effective and efficient service
Administrative functions

• For contributory schemes
• collecting contributions
• maintaining accurate andup-to-date records

• For most schemes
• policy making and planning
• calculating and paying benefits in a timely
  manner

Organization
autonomous social security institution government
department bipartite or tripartite basis trade
unions
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THE SCOPE OF THE ILO
Governments
Workers
Employers
SOCIAL JUSTICE
Standard setting
Technical co-operation
Information
Meetings
Research
Better conditions of work
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GUIDE TO INTERNATIONAL LABOR STANDARDS
Basic human rights
Employment
Social policy
Labor administration
Industrial relations
Conditions of work
Social security
Employment of women
Employment of children
Special categories
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APPROACH OF THE CONVENTIONS
Social Insurance era
Social security era
Second world war
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SOCIAL INSURANCE ERAConventions and
Recommendations
C.3 Maternity Protection, 1919
C.12 Workmen's Compensation (Agriculture), 1921
C.17 Workmen's Compensation (Accidents), 1925
C.18 Workmen's Compensation(Occupational
Diseases), 1925
C.19 Equality of Treatment (Accident
Compensation), 1925
C.24 Sickness Insurance (Industry), 1927
C.25 Sickness Insurance (Agriculture), 1927
C.35 Old-age Insurance (Industry, etc.), 1933
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SOCIAL INSURANCE ERAConventions and
Recommendations
C.36 Old-Age Insurance (Agriculture), 1933
C.37 Invalidity Insurance (Industry, etc.), 1933
C.38 Invalidity Insurance (Agriculture), 1933
C.39 Survivors' Insurance (Industry, etc.), 1933
C.40 Survivors' Insurance (Agriculture), 1933
C.42 Workmen's Compensation (Occupational
Diseases) Convention (Revised), 1934
C.44 Unemployment Provision, 1934
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SOCIAL INSURANCE ERAConventions and
Recommendations
C.102 Social Security (Minimum Standards), 1952
C.103 Maternity Protection (Revised), 1952
C.118 Equality of Treatment (Social Security),
1962
C.121 Employment Injury Benefits, 1964
C.128 Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors'
Benefits, 1969
C.130 Medical Care and Sickness Benefits, 1969
C.157 Maintenance of Social Security Rights, 1982
C.168 Employment Promotion and Protection against
Unemployment, 1988
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CHARACTERISTIC OF SOCIAL SECURITY CONVENTIONS
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BASIC REQUIREMENTS SET DOWN BY THE CONVENTIONS
Any benefit in cash should be a periodical
payment provided "throughout the contingency"
the benefit should replace previous income to a
certain specified extent
the costs of the benefits and of administration
should be borne collectively by way of insurance
contributions or taxation
the insurance contributions to be borne by the
employees should not exceed 50 per cent of the
total cost of the scheme
the State should assume at least general
responsibility for the due provision of the
benefits and for the proper administration of the
institution
representatives of persons protected should
participate in the management of a scheme, or at
least be associated with it in a consultative
capacity.
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REQUIREMENTS FOR NON-COMPULSORY SCHEMES
The scheme has to be an insurance scheme
the schemes must be supervised by the public
authorities or administered in accordance with
prescribed standards by joint operation of
employers and workers
the schemes must "cover a substantial part of the
persons whose earnings do not exceed those of a
skilled manual male employee"
the schemes must comply "in conjunction with
other forms of protection, where appropriate,
with the relevant provision of the Convention".